THEORIES PART 2

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purpose

which the nurse wants to accomplish through her actions. It encompasses all of the activities directed toward the overall good of the patient.

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

• A grand, needs-based theory that is inductively derived, abstract, and descriptive in nature

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

• Acknowledges that nursing is an art (not servile) while medicine is a science

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

• Gave emphasis on the importance of critical thinking, observation, and data collection (assessment) of their patient's health status in relation to his environment

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

• Its focus is on the patient's environment, which she believed should be manipulated by nurses to promote health and healing

Ventilation

• good ventilation in hospitals are essential for patients to inhale fresh air and have a balanced body temperature

Chattering Hopes

• nurses should pay attention to what people say about the patient, prevent conversations that make light of their illness, and tell them about good news about their health if there is any

Variety

• patients are encouraged to be exposed to different recreative activities or objects that can help relieve boredom

Light

• patients need exposure to direct sunlight

Nutrition

• patients should not be disturbed when eating and frequent, small servings of food is proven to be more beneficial for them than a large meal

Bedding

• the bed should be placed near the window, its sheets should be aired or replaced regularly, and it should not be leaned against, sat upon, or moved

Cleanliness

• the nurse should assist the patient in maintaining good hygiene, as well as it is a must for the nurse to sanitize her hands frequently

Noise

• the patients should not be awakened by whispers, conversations, and noise from garments

MICHAEL C. LEOCADIO

"Rapport if intended to make the client's and the nurse's personal and professional life better is considered therapeutic

Virginia Henderson

"The Nightingale of Modern Nursing, " "Modern-Day Mother of Nursing, " and "The 20th Century Florence Nightingale."

Dorothy Johnson

"each individual has patterned, purposeful, repetitive ways of acting that comprises a behavioral system specific to that individual."

Unfreeze

Determine what needs to change Ensure there is Strong Leadership Support Create the Need for Change Manage & Understand the Doubts & Concerns

Imogene King

Nursing, Health, Individual, Environment, Action, and Reaction

Erik Erikson

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

Joyce Fitzpatrick

People, health, wellness

Joyce Fitzpatrick

the process of human development is characterized by rhythms that occur within the context of continuous personenvironment interaction and those nursing activities basically focus on strengthening the developmental process towards health.

Imogene King

used to guide and direct nurses in the nurse-patient relationship, going hand-in-hand with their patients to communicating information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals towards good health

Imogene King

the nurse and the patient come together, communicate, and make transactions. They set goals and work to achieve the goals they set.

Health of Houses

the physical attributes of the hospital

Refreeze

Anchor the changes into their culture Develop ways to sustain the change Provide support & Training Celebrate Successes

NURSING AS CARING

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer

Ernestine Wiedenbach

A nurse uses two types of judgment in dealing with patients: clinical and sound. Clinical judgment represents the nurse's likeliness to make sound decisions, which are based on differentiating fact from assumption and relating them to cause and effect. Sound judgment is the result of disciplined functioning of mind and emotions, and improves with expanded knowledge and increased clarity of professional purpose.

Dorothy Johnson

Attachment - maintenance of a strong bond. Ingestion - serves the broad function of appetitive satisfaction. Elimination - elimination of waste products. Dependency - dependence on others. Achievement - mastery of oneself. Sexual - procreation and gratification. Aggressive - protection and presevertion

21 Nursing Problems

Basic to all Patients Sustenal Care Remedial Care Restorative Care

Kurt Lewin

Change Theory

Change

Communicate Often Dispel Rumors Empower Action Involve People in the Process

Behavioral system model

Dorothy Johnson

The helping art of clinical nursing

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Transcultural Nursing major concepts

Ethnonursing This is the study of nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as cognitively perceived and known by a designated culture through their direct experience, beliefs, and value system (Leininger, 1979). Nursing Professional Nursing Care (Caring) Cultural Congruent (Nursing) Care Cultural congruent (nursing) care is defined as those Health Human Beings Society and Environment Worldview Cultural and Social Structure Dimensions Environmental Context Culture Culture Care Culture Care Diversity Culture Care Universality

21 NURSING PROBLEMS

Faye Glenn Abdellah

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer

Focus of nursing Nursing Situation Direct Invitation Caring Between Calls for Caring Nursing Responses of Caring Dance of Caring Persons Dance of Living Caring

Subconcepts

Generic (Folk or Lay) Care Systems Emic Professional Care Systems Etic Ethnohistory Care as a noun Care as a verb Culture Shock Cultural Imposition

21 NURSING PROBLEMS

Grand theory of human needs Utilizes the chief concepts of nursing, nursing problems, and problem solving. Practice of competent nursing care through the problem solving approach This model is progressive. Framework is based on nursing practice and individual patients. The model describes the areas of concern of nursing. Does not focus on disease-centered concepts of care

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

HUMAN · Defined in relation to their environment and the impact of the environment upon them NURSING · Assisting the patient in his recovery and preserving his health using the environment HEALTH · Being well and using every power (resource) to the fullest extent in living life ENVIRONMENT · The physical environment surrounding the human and has an influence on his health

Sub-concepts of Nightingale's Environmental Theory

HVBLNNVCCS

Joyce Fitzpatrick

Nursing metaparadigms consistently cover four areas. These are: The totality of the person or client The environment of the client Client's current level of wellness Nursing's responsibility and duty toward the clien

Life Perspective Rhythm Model

Joyce Fitzpatrick

Human-to-Human Relationship Model

Joyce Travelbee

Care, Cure, Core Theory

Lydia Hall

Therapeutic Rapport Theory in Nursing

MICHAEL C. LEOCADIO

Virginia Henderson

Need Theory

Florence Nightingale

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

The helping art of clinical nursing

Nursing is the practice of identification of a patient's need for help through: 1. observation of presenting behaviors and symptoms 2. exploration of the meaning of those symptoms with the patient 3. determining the cause(s) of discomfort, and 4. determining the patient's ability to resolve the discomfort or if the patient has a need for help from the nurse or other healthcare professionals.

Soren Kierkegaard's Extentialism and Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy.

The assumptions of Travelbee's theory were based on

Faye Glenn Abdellah

Person - having physical emotional, and emotional needs Overt (physical), Covert (emotional and social) Health - purpose of nursing services and a state mutually exclusive of illness or just basically a healthy state of mind and body Society and Environment - where the patient is from Nursing - it is a helping profession and is grouped into 21 problem areas Nursing Problems - faced by a patient in which the performance functions of a nurse can assist. Problem Solving - Scientific process

Joyce Travelbee

Person Health Environment Nursing It is defined as a human being. It is subjective and objective. It is not clearly defined. It is an interpersonal process wherein the professional nurse aid an individual and their family deal with illnesses and sufferings

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

Pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light were identified as the environmental factors that put the patient in the best possible condition to improve and become healthy.

Cure

The attention given to patients by medical professionals (including nurses, physicians, physical therapists and others).

Care

The care and tasks that nurses must perform to help patients.

Construct of Therapeutic Rapport

Sensing, Syncing and Affirming

Joyce Travelbee

Suffering Hope Nursing Communication Targeted Intellectual Approach

Florence Nightingale

The Founder of Modern Nursing

Ernestine Wiedenbach

The goal of nursing consists primarily of identifying a patient's need for help.

Dorothy Johnson

The human being has two major systems: the biological and behavioral systems. The role of medicine is to focus on the biological system, while nursing's focus is on the behavioral system

Ernestine Wiedenbach

The need for help is defined as "any measure desired by the patient that has the potential to restore or extend the ability to cope with various life situations that affect health and wellness." Need-for-help must be based on the individual patient's perception of his or her own situation.

Core

The patient receiving the nursing care.

Therapeutic Rapport Theory

The relationship between the nurse and the client is therapeutic. They can build trust, mutual respect, physical closeness, acceptance to each other amidst differences and unwanted circumstances and failures, and establish mutually agreed goals

Imogene King

Theory of Goal Attainment

Imogene King

There are three interacting systems. the interpersonal system, and the social system. Each system is given different concepts

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS for balance

To be protected from noxious influences. Provision of a nurturing environment. To be stimulated to enhance growth

Madeleine Leininger

Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Theory

Kurt Lewin

Unfreeze, change, refreeze

Dance of caring persons

a visual representation of the theoretical assertion that lived caring between the nurse and the nursed expresses underlying relationships.

NURSING AS CARING

all activities are ultimately directed to care for persons nursed

Imogene King

an organizing guide for nursing practice. They provide a foundational knowledge of care concepts that enable those in the profession to explain what they do for patients and the reasons for their actions. This is particularly important because it helps nurses articulate evidence that justifies the methodologies behind their practice.

Joyce Fitzpatrick

based on Martha Rogers' Theory of Unitary Human Beings. This is a complex nursing model that provides a future framework for new nursing theory to be incorporated into the theory over time.

behavioral system model

begins with an assessment and diagnosis of the patient. Once a diagnosis is made, the nurse and other healthcare professionals develop a nursing care plan of interventions and set them in motion. The process ends with an evaluation, which is based on the balance of the subsystems

practice

consists of the observable nursing actions affected by beliefs and feelings about meeting the patient's need for help.

Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Theory

defined transcultural nursing as "a substantive area of study and practiced focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures to provide culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways.

Dorothy Johnson

describes the person as a behavioral system with seven subsystems: the achievement, attachment-affiliative, aggressiveprotective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and sexual subsystems.

Joyce Travelbee

each patient is a unique human being who deserves to be supplied with hope, drive, and meaning while dealing with their sickness.

Need Theory

emphasizes the importance of increasing the patient'sindependence and focus on the basic human needs so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed.

The Sunrise Model

enables nurses to develop critical and complex thoughts about nursing practice. These thoughts should consider and integrate cultural and social structure dimensions in each specific context, besides nursing care's biological and psychological aspects.

Syncing

is the way, process, strategy, and goal of the nurse and the client to be in mutually coordinated, harmonious, regular, balanced and predictable relationship positive mirroring, spontaneous rhythmicality, and shared commitment

Ernestine Wiedenbach

four main elements in clinical nursing: a philosophy, a purpose, a practice, and the art. (PPPA)

Need Theory

four majorconcepts: the basic needs of the individual, the environment in which the individual lives (and its conditions), the definition of a health based on an individual's ability to function independently, and the basicconcepts of nursing carried out by the nurse in caring for the patient.

Joyce Fitzpatrick

human development is centered along with a variety of rhythms that allow humans to learn to communicate and interact with others. Nursing uses these rhythms to achieve maximum wellness for clients

Ernestine Wiedenbach

identifies the patient as "any individual who is receiving help of some kind, be it care, instruction or advice from a member of the health profession or from a worker in the field of health." A patient is any person who has entered the healthcare system and is receiving help, which means he or she does not need to be ill. A person receiving health-related education would qualify as a patient.

art

includes understanding the patient's needs, developing goals and actions intended to enhance the patient's ability, and directing the activities related to the medical plan to improve the patient's condition. The nurse's focus is also on the prevention of complications related to reoccurrence or the development of new concerns.

interpersonal system

interaction, communication, transaction, role, and stress.

Sensing

is the way, process, strategy, and goal of the nurse and the client to be sensitive and sensible to the each other. subconstructs include professional intimacy, empathic concern, shared disclosure, similarity and complementarity

Affirming

is the way, process, strategy, and goal of the nurse to create a nurturing, healing, and friendly environment where both the nurse and clients experienced positivity in the delivery and outcomes of care through a non-judgemental, accepting professional and personal health care setting. quality of nursing care, professional playground, positive health care outcomes, and unconditional positive regard

Philosophy

nurse's attitude and belief about life, and how that affects reality for him or her. The three essential components: are reverence for life; respect for the dignity, worth, autonomy, and individuality of each human being; and the resolution to act on personally and professionally held beliefs.

Transcultural Nursing

nurses can observe how a patient's cultural background is related to their health and use that knowledge to create a nursing plan that will help the patient get healthy quickly while still being sensitive to his or her cultural background

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer

nurturing persons living caring and growing in caring. As an expression of nursing, caring is the intentional and authentic presence of the nurse with another person who is recognized as living caring and growing in caring.

social system

organization, authority, power, status, and decision making.

personal system

perception, self, growth and development, body image, space, and time.

Syncing

positive mirroring spontaneous rhythmicality shared commitment

Dorothy Johnson

primary goal of nursing is to foster equilibrium in the individual patient

Sensing

professional intimacy empathic concern shared disclosure similarity and complementarity

Kurt Lewin

proposes that individuals and groups of individuals are influenced by restraining forces, or obstacles that counter driving forces aimed at keeping the status quo, and driving forces, or positive forces for change that push in the direction that causes change to happen

Affirming

quality nursing care professional playground positive health care outcomes unconditional positive regard

Joyce Travelbee

served to establish areas of concern for psychiatric mental health nurses and all nursing sectors. She is also regarded as having a significant impact on the hospice movement.

Lydia Hall

she studied how to treat the underlying chronic disease and not just the acute issues that patients face. Her efforts elevated nursing as a true profession. This theory will be applicable in assessment, planning and implementation of patient care .

Social Considerations

social contact is believed to help the sick to heal


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