Topic 3 Chapter 7-8

Explain the ethnic cleansing and genocide in Sudan: Abey

(border area) Sudan and South Sudan fight over. Peace keepers are preventing to be South Sudan or Sudan. People living there are both citizens of Sudan and South Sudan.

Historic migration patterns of African Americans: Forced Migration

-African Americans ancestors were stolen from their homeland

Historic migration patterns of African Americans: UK

-English, Scottish, Wales= Same nationality, but different ethnicities -Irish= nationality and ethnicities

List important facts regarding the creation of the post-WW1 country of Yugoslavia

-Ethnicities had peace as Yugoslavia for a little -Yugoslavia broke up into 6 republics -Tensions are still present -Tito's death was very recent

Ethnic Diversity: Syria

-Ethnicities: Arab(90%), Kurds(9%) -Arab: 64% Sunni, 11% Alawi, 10% Christian, 3% Druze, 2% other Muslim -Christian: Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic -Alawi: (Shiite Islam) controlled gov't since 1970 (some civil wars during)

How does ethnicity and nationality differ?

-Ethnicity: identifies with distinct ancestory and culture -Nationality: including all those who immigrated and born in such country, legal attachments and personal allegiance to a particular country

Historic migration patterns of African Americans: Canada

-Hard to tell cause technically a legislative, but has such different culture, also an ethnicity

Give 2 reasons. Why it is harder to pinpoint more precisely the ethnic origins of African Americans?

-Hundreds of years ago -Places didn't have originated independent countries

Difference between ethnicity and nationality: United States

-Includes immigrants and natives -Distinct ancestory and culture

Ethnic Diversity: Iran

-Mostly Persian: Shiite Muslim -Azeri -Buluchi *US interveined

What are the 3 principal ethnic identities of Indigenous Peoples in the US?

-Native Americans -Alaska Native -Native Hawaiin

Historical background: Hutus

-Settled farmers -Majority -Considered "bad" -Launched ethnic cleansing and genocide 1962

Historic migration patterns of African Americans: Interegional Migration

-South to North: Wave 1 (1910-20 before WW1), Wave 2 (1940-50 before and after WW2) -Industrial jobs in North -East Coast: Carolinas and South Atlantic to Baltimore, Philly, NY (I-95) Routes -East Central: AL. Eastern TN to Detroit (I-75) routes to Cleveland (I-77) R21 -West Central: MS & West TN to St. Louis and Chicago (1-55) R61 & 66 -Southwest: TX to Cal.(R80 %)

Why and how did Serbs and Croats in Bosnia ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnia Muslims?

-To gain independence and unify with Serbia and Croatia -They tortured and murdered

Describe the four steps that ethnic cleansing often follow

1. Move a large amount of military equipment to a village that has no strategic value 2. Gather all villagers, take men, and send them to detention camps or kill them 3. Force rest of villagers to leave and send a convoy outside territory being cleansed 4. set village on fire

How many people found themselves on the "wrong side of the boundary" in the 1940s?

17 million

What was agreed upon at the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in Dayton, Ohio in 1996?

3 regions were created based on ethnic distribution, Croats and Bosniaks got along, but Serbs became indepedent

Explain the key components of the apartheid system

4 races are black, white, colored (mixed), Asian: Blacks treated much worse (no vote, restricted options, much lower wages)

How many Muslims migrated from India to West Pakistan (Pakistan, India)?

5.3 million

Ethnic Diversity: Iraq

53% Shiite Muslim Arabs 21% Kurds 19% Sunni Arab -US killed Iraqian President Saddam Hussein, saying he liked violence

Describe the ethnic makeup of Lebanon

54% Muslim 41% Christian 5% Druze

How many Hindus migrated from East and West Pakistan into India?

7.2 million

How many Muslims migrated to East Pakistan (Bangladesh, today)?

700,000

Describe the ethnic makeup of Turkey

75% ethnic Turks 18% Kurds

Provide an example to illustrate that African-Americans or Hispanics in the US are more urbanized

90% of African Americans and Hispanics live in metropolitan areas

Multi-ethnic state

A state that contains more than one ethnicity

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Ethnoburb

A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population

Explain the ethnic cleansing and genocide in Sudan: Dafar Region

Black African ethnicities rebelled against the Arab controlled gov't, the Janjaweed (Arab nomads) were supplied by Sudan's gov't and attacked millions of Dafar black Africans. Many live in harsh refugee camps

Who got the worst deal in the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in Dayton, Ohio in 1996?

Bosniaks got the worst, losing a lot of land (45% population, but got 30% land)

With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo?

Ethnic cleanse of Albanians, but NATO intervened, forcing Serbia to recognize Kosovo as independent country. Killed 800,000 of 2 million Albanians

Explain the ethnic cleansing and genocide in Sudan: Eastern Front Coalition

Ethnicities fight gov't because of oil profits

Describe the difficulty in distinguishing between ethnicity and race in the US, using Hispanic Americans and African Americans as examples.

Many have difficulty choosing one race to identify themselves. Hispanic Americans previously have chosen other answers other answers to define one's ethnicity. Black Americans are described as "African," but many trace origins in other continents, but the term Black defines their skin color.

When asked an open-ended question about their race, what were the most significant responses?

Moreno(Brunette or olive), Moreno Claro(Light Brown), Preto and Negro

What ethno-political problems did Yugoslavia face after death of Tito in the 80s and fall of communism in the 90s?

Most ethnicities became their own nation, but some did not match the distribution of ethnicities, so violence

Explain the end of apartheid and its lasting legacy

Nelson Mandela, leader of African National Congress, repealed the apartheid laws in 1991. White South Africans are much richer than most black South Africans despite equality

How did the US and UN respond?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization and launched an air attack on serbia

What is the "problem" with the way the US Census Bureau defines "Asian"?

Over half of Asian identify themselves with their or their ancestors' country of origin.

Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?

Pakistan and India never agreed on a border. Muslims far away to secure Kashmir's independence

Ethnic Diversity: Afghanistan

Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara *Taliban(Pashtun) took over, but US overthrew but there's still conflict

Explain why the differences between these 3 cultural traits are not often clear-cut

Some individuals come from a mixed backgrounds, identifying, or not, with personal traits. Some societies purposefully or accidentally muddle these concepts.

Regional differences in Brazil: South

Whites 70% Popular European destination in colonial times

Centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

ethnic enclave

a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture

Clustered in the US: Asian Americans

West: Hawaii and California

Regional differences in Brazil: West-central

White and Brown Sparse until capital moved

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

part nation state

when a nation overlaps the boundaries of multiple states/you have multiple nations states of the same the same nation (Arabia)

Sharecropper

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

ghetto

A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

Triangular slave trade

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

Balkanized

A small geographic area unsuccessfully organized into stable countries because multiple ethnic groups inhabit

Apartheid

A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.

List the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, serbia

What ethnic group lives in Kosovo (and what percent)?

Albanians; 82%

How did Lebanon's 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?

All religions have proportional representation in the gov't

How does the U.S. Census Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?

Americans that have heritage from Spanish-speaking countries

centrpetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

What happened in the Balkans to start WW1?

An ethnic cleansing

Civic nationalsim

An inclusive form of nationalism

Explain the ethnic cleansing and genocide in Sudan: South Sudan

Arab Muslims (north) vs. Christian Dinka and Nuer (south): Civil war raged between North and South of Sudan, now is independent, 2 million casualties

Why does race matter to geographers?

Because skin color is a factor by which many societies sort out where they reside, attend school, freetime, etc...

How did peace come to to Balkan Peninsula "tragically," as the author of the textbook say?

Because the ethnic cleansing worked

What are the 5 races according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics?

Branco, Pardo, Preto, Amarelo, Indigenous

Describe the Kurds and where they live.

Caucasiaon Mountains. An ethnic group of Sunni Muslims with distinct cultural lifestyle

Self determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Balkanizaion

Divide a region into smaller mutually hostile states or groups

Who got the best deal in the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in Dayton, Ohio in 1996?

Serbs got the best, getting more land (40% population, but got 50% land)

What are the 3 most numerous ethnicities in the US

Hispanic Americans, African American, Asian American

Race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Nationality

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.

White Flight

In areas with incoming flow of black immigrants, former white residents will emigrate from the area

Know where these regions all

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Butan, Myanmar, China, Afghanistan

Regional differences in Brazil: North

Indigenous (brown) Tropical rainforest

Regional differences in Brazil: Northeast

Indigenous and Black 50% of Black Brazilians on East Coast

Historic migration patterns of African Americans: Intraregional Migration

Inner-city ghetto to outer-city and inner suburban: Clustered in cities and expanded

What happened in 1975 in Lebanon?

Lebanon had a civil war between all religious groups

Ethnic Cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

How do nations and states foster it?

Promotes symbols of country

Ethnic Diversity: Pakistan

Punjab *Converted to Sunni long time ago

How is ethnic cleansing different than normal warfare?

Rather than just armies that clash, but everyone (women, elderly, children)

What country controlled Kosovo?

Serbia

Clustered in the US: African Americans

Southeast: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, and 1/3 of Mississippi

Clustered in the US: Native Americans

Southwest and Northern Central:Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and South Dakota

Clustered in the US: Hispanics

Southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas(1/2), 1/4 of California(1/3), Florida(1/6), and New York(1/6)

Multinational state

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Explain the ethnic cleansing and genocide in Sudan: South Kordofan and Blue Nile (border area)

Status unsettled of Sudan South Sudan

Separate but equal

Supreme Court doctrine established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. Allowed state-required racial segregation in places of public accommodation as long as the facilities were equal.

Where did ethnic cleansing occur after the breakup of Yugoslavia?

Territories occupied by multiple ethnic groups

Explain the impact of the late 1800s and early 1900s practice of Europeans carving up the African continent into a collection of colonies.

The imperialist created borders and forced waring ethncities to be together or split up some ethnicities. When these colonies became independent, they retained the European borders. Conflicts arised from the lack of a relationship between historical ethnicities and modern nationalities.

Blockblusting

The practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another race

Apatheid

The system of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa until the 1990s, which involved political, legal, and economic discrimination against non-whites.

When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the region divided ethnically (religiously)?

They created 2 political nations, later 3, based on the 2 ethnicities, Muslim and Hindu

What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled?

They were attacked by extremist

How has the Sikh population further complicated India's religious unrest?

They were never their own region despite being a majority in Punjab

Give an example of an ethnoburb in or near the Charlotte metropolitan area.

Tract 004600: 95.7% Black Americans

Barrio

neighbourhood that speaks Spanish

genecide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.