tortora CHAP 8: The appendicular skeleton

URINARY SYSTEM

-Ribs partially protect kidneys -Pelvis protects urinary bladder and urethra

boxer's fracture

-is a fracture of the fifth metacarpal, usually near the head of the bone. -It frequently occurs aft er a person punches another person or an object, such as a wall. -It is characterized by pain, swelling, and tenderness. There may also be a bump on the side of the hand.

pubis

-pubic bone -is the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone

clavicle

-the anterior bone and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint -"collarbone"

phalanx

A single bone of a digit is referred to ________.

Hallux valgus

Angulation of the great toe away from the midline of the body, typically caused by wearing tightly fitting shoes. When the great toe angles toward the next toe, there is a bony protrusion at the base of the great toe. Also called a bunion

intercarpal joints

Articulations among carpal bones are called _________.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin

intertarsal joints

Joints between tarsal bones are called _______.

flatfoot

The bones composing the arches of the foot are held in position by ligaments and tendons. If these ligaments and tendons are weakened, the height of the medial longitudinal arch may decrease or "fall."

bony pelvis

The complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx forms a deep, basinlike structure called _____.

pubic symphysis

The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the ________.

elbow joint

The ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at the _______.

somites

Vertebrae and ribs are derived from portions of cube-shaped masses of mesoderm

somites

Vertebrae and ribs are derived from portions of cube-shaped masses of mesoderm called ______.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

What system Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin

Clawfoot

a condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is abnormally elevated. It is oft en caused by muscle deformities, such as may occur in diabetics whose neurological lesions lead to atrophy of muscles of the foot.

coracoid process

a projection of the anterior surface to which the tendons of muscles and ligaments attach.

talus

ankle bone

Pectoral girdles

attach the bones

Pectoral girdles

attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

phalanges

bones of the digits, make up the distal part of the hand.

cartilaginous neurocranium

consists of hyaline cartilage developed from mesenchyme at the base of the developing skull.

membranous neurocranium

consists of mesenchyme and later undergoes intramembranous ossification to form the flat bones that make up the roof and sides of the skull.

Genu varum

deformity in which the knees are abnormally separated, there is a medial angulation of the tibia in relation to the femur, and the lower limbs are bowed laterally. Also called bowleg

membranous viscerocranium

derived from mesenchyme in the first pharyngeal arch and, following intramembranous ossification (forms facial bones)

cartilaginous viscerocranium

derived from the cartilage of the first two pharyngeal (branchial) arches (form ear bones and hyoid bones)

olecranon

found at the proximal end of ulna which forms the prominence of the elbow.

Bone grafting

generally consists of taking a piece of bone, along with its periosteum and nutrient artery, from one part of the body to replace missing bone in another part of the body.

calcaneus

heel bone

acromion

high point of the shoulder

capitulum

is a rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the bone that articulates with the head of the radius.

notochord

is a solid cylinder of mesodermal cells that induces (stimulates) the m esenchymal cells to form the vertebral bodies, costal (rib) centers, and vertebral arch centers.

ulna

is located on the medial aspect (the little-finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius

capitate

is the largest carpal bone; its rounded projection, the head, articulates with the lunate.

Pelvimetry

is the measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal, which may be done by ultrasonography or physical examination.

ramus

is the portion of the ischium that fuses with the pubis.

carpus

is the proximal region of the hand and consists of 8 small bones, the carpals.

radius

is the smaller bone of the forearm and is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm

styloid process

located on the posterior side of the ulna's distal end. It provides attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament to the wrist.

ectoderm

much of the skeleton of the skull arises from _____.

fibula

parallel and lateral to the tibia, but it is considerably smaller.

ischium

the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone

metatarsus

the intermediate region of the foot, consists of 5 metatarsal bones numbered I to V (or 1-5) from the medial to lateral position

ilium

the largest of the three components of the hip bone, is composed of a superior ala (= wing) and an inferior body.

acetabulum

the socket for the head of the femur

scapula

-"shoulder blade" -articulates with clavicle and humerus

femur

-"thigh bone" -is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

-( ____ system) Bones provide attachment points for muscles and leverage for muscles to bring about body movements ---Contraction of skeletal muscle requires calcium ions

NERVOUS SYSTEM

-( _____ system) skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord -Normal blood level of calcium is needed for normal functioning of neurons and neuroglia

humerus

"arm bone", is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb

metacarpus

"palm" is the intermediate region of the hand and consists of 5 bones called metacarpals.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

( ____ system) Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

( _____ system) Bones store and release calcium, needed during exocytosis of hormone-filled vesicles and for normal actions of many hormones

tarsus

(ankle) is the proximal region of the foot and consists of 7 tarsal bones

tibia

(shin bone) is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg

Genu valgum

) A deformity in which the knees are abnormally close together and the space between the ankles is increased due to a lateral angulation of the tibia in relation to the femur. Also called knock-knee

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

- ( ____ system) Teeth masticate (chew) food -Rib cage protects esophagus, stomach, and liver -Pelvis protects portions of the intestines

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

- ( _____ system) Axial skeleton of thorax protects lungs -Rib movements assist in breathing -Some muscles used for breathing attach to bones via tendons

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

- ( _____ system) Red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) -Rhythmic beating of the heart requires calcium ions

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM and IMMUNITY

- ( _____ system) Red bone marrow produces lymphocytes, white blood cells that are involved in immune responses

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

- ( ______ system) Pelvis protects ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, and uterus in females -Pelvis protects part of ductus (vas) deferens and accessory glands in males -Bones are an important source of calcium needed for milk synthesis during lactation

skeletal system

- ( _______ system) Bones provide support and protection for internal organs -Bones store and release calcium, which is needed for proper functioning of most body tissues

patella

-"kneecap" -is a small, triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint