tortora CHAP 8: The appendicular skeleton
URINARY SYSTEM
-Ribs partially protect kidneys -Pelvis protects urinary bladder and urethra
boxer's fracture
-is a fracture of the fifth metacarpal, usually near the head of the bone. -It frequently occurs aft er a person punches another person or an object, such as a wall. -It is characterized by pain, swelling, and tenderness. There may also be a bump on the side of the hand.
pubis
-pubic bone -is the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone
clavicle
-the anterior bone and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint -"collarbone"
phalanx
A single bone of a digit is referred to ________.
Hallux valgus
Angulation of the great toe away from the midline of the body, typically caused by wearing tightly fitting shoes. When the great toe angles toward the next toe, there is a bony protrusion at the base of the great toe. Also called a bunion
intercarpal joints
Articulations among carpal bones are called _________.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin
intertarsal joints
Joints between tarsal bones are called _______.
flatfoot
The bones composing the arches of the foot are held in position by ligaments and tendons. If these ligaments and tendons are weakened, the height of the medial longitudinal arch may decrease or "fall."
bony pelvis
The complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx forms a deep, basinlike structure called _____.
pubic symphysis
The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the ________.
elbow joint
The ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at the _______.
somites
Vertebrae and ribs are derived from portions of cube-shaped masses of mesoderm
somites
Vertebrae and ribs are derived from portions of cube-shaped masses of mesoderm called ______.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
What system Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin
Clawfoot
a condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is abnormally elevated. It is oft en caused by muscle deformities, such as may occur in diabetics whose neurological lesions lead to atrophy of muscles of the foot.
coracoid process
a projection of the anterior surface to which the tendons of muscles and ligaments attach.
talus
ankle bone
Pectoral girdles
attach the bones
Pectoral girdles
attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
phalanges
bones of the digits, make up the distal part of the hand.
cartilaginous neurocranium
consists of hyaline cartilage developed from mesenchyme at the base of the developing skull.
membranous neurocranium
consists of mesenchyme and later undergoes intramembranous ossification to form the flat bones that make up the roof and sides of the skull.
Genu varum
deformity in which the knees are abnormally separated, there is a medial angulation of the tibia in relation to the femur, and the lower limbs are bowed laterally. Also called bowleg
membranous viscerocranium
derived from mesenchyme in the first pharyngeal arch and, following intramembranous ossification (forms facial bones)
cartilaginous viscerocranium
derived from the cartilage of the first two pharyngeal (branchial) arches (form ear bones and hyoid bones)
olecranon
found at the proximal end of ulna which forms the prominence of the elbow.
Bone grafting
generally consists of taking a piece of bone, along with its periosteum and nutrient artery, from one part of the body to replace missing bone in another part of the body.
calcaneus
heel bone
acromion
high point of the shoulder
capitulum
is a rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the bone that articulates with the head of the radius.
notochord
is a solid cylinder of mesodermal cells that induces (stimulates) the m esenchymal cells to form the vertebral bodies, costal (rib) centers, and vertebral arch centers.
ulna
is located on the medial aspect (the little-finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius
capitate
is the largest carpal bone; its rounded projection, the head, articulates with the lunate.
Pelvimetry
is the measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal, which may be done by ultrasonography or physical examination.
ramus
is the portion of the ischium that fuses with the pubis.
carpus
is the proximal region of the hand and consists of 8 small bones, the carpals.
radius
is the smaller bone of the forearm and is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm
styloid process
located on the posterior side of the ulna's distal end. It provides attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament to the wrist.
ectoderm
much of the skeleton of the skull arises from _____.
fibula
parallel and lateral to the tibia, but it is considerably smaller.
ischium
the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone
metatarsus
the intermediate region of the foot, consists of 5 metatarsal bones numbered I to V (or 1-5) from the medial to lateral position
ilium
the largest of the three components of the hip bone, is composed of a superior ala (= wing) and an inferior body.
acetabulum
the socket for the head of the femur
scapula
-"shoulder blade" -articulates with clavicle and humerus
femur
-"thigh bone" -is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
-( ____ system) Bones provide attachment points for muscles and leverage for muscles to bring about body movements ---Contraction of skeletal muscle requires calcium ions
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-( _____ system) skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord -Normal blood level of calcium is needed for normal functioning of neurons and neuroglia
humerus
"arm bone", is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb
metacarpus
"palm" is the intermediate region of the hand and consists of 5 bones called metacarpals.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
( ____ system) Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
( _____ system) Bones store and release calcium, needed during exocytosis of hormone-filled vesicles and for normal actions of many hormones
tarsus
(ankle) is the proximal region of the foot and consists of 7 tarsal bones
tibia
(shin bone) is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg
Genu valgum
) A deformity in which the knees are abnormally close together and the space between the ankles is increased due to a lateral angulation of the tibia in relation to the femur. Also called knock-knee
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- ( ____ system) Teeth masticate (chew) food -Rib cage protects esophagus, stomach, and liver -Pelvis protects portions of the intestines
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- ( _____ system) Axial skeleton of thorax protects lungs -Rib movements assist in breathing -Some muscles used for breathing attach to bones via tendons
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- ( _____ system) Red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) -Rhythmic beating of the heart requires calcium ions
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM and IMMUNITY
- ( _____ system) Red bone marrow produces lymphocytes, white blood cells that are involved in immune responses
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
- ( ______ system) Pelvis protects ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, and uterus in females -Pelvis protects part of ductus (vas) deferens and accessory glands in males -Bones are an important source of calcium needed for milk synthesis during lactation
skeletal system
- ( _______ system) Bones provide support and protection for internal organs -Bones store and release calcium, which is needed for proper functioning of most body tissues
patella
-"kneecap" -is a small, triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint