toxicology chapter 2 review

which of the following does not affect toxicity? A. WHETHER THE EXPOSED ORGANISM IS MALE OR FEMALE B. WHETHER THE AGENT IS INHALED OR INGESTED C. WETHER THE EXPOSURE IS CONTINOUS OR SPORADIC D. WEThER THE AGENT IS SYNTHETIC OR NATURALLY OCCURRING

Whether the agent is synthetic or naturally occurring

a poison produced by a plant or animal is called a toxin an intoxicant a poison a biological poison a toxicant

a toxin

which of the following toxicities can occur due to single exposure? A. Sub-acute toxicity B. Chronic toxicity C. Acute toxicity D. Sub-chronic toxicity

acute toxicity

the amount of toxin to which an organism is exposed in an experiment through various routes is referred as the A. exposed dose B. Absorbed dose C. Target organ dose D. Administered dose

administered dose

reproductive toxicologists study the occurrence of adverse effect on the male or female reproductive system that result from exposure to chemical or physical agents true false

true

a basic principle of toxicology states that A. Toxicity is independent of dose B. Potency cannot be determined by animal studies C. All compounds are poisonous D. None of these E. Environmental chemicals act via unique biological process

all compounds are poisonous

Areas of toxicology include environmental all of these toxicogenomics clinical forensics

all of these

what are the following contributes to toxic effect? production of the response is related to the concentration of the compound at the active site the concentration of the compound at the active site is related to the dose administered there is molecular site (or receptor) with which the chemical interacts to produce a response

all of these are correct

regulatory toxicology aims at guarding the public from dangerous chemical exposures and depends primarily on which form of study? A. Controlled laboratory animal studies B. Environmental studies C. Controlled human studies D. Observational human studies

controlled laboratory animal studies

The therapeutic index of a drug A. Is the amount of a drug needed to cure an illness B. Describes the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug C. Describes the potency of a chemical in eliciting a desired response D. Explains the change in response to a drug as the dose is increased E. Is lower in drugs that are relatively safer

describes the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug

the therapeutic index of a drug is lower in drugs that are relatively safer describes the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug is the amount of a drug needed to cure an illness explains the change in response to a drug as the dose is increased describes the potency of a chemical in eliciting a desired response.

describes the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug

the amount of a potentially harmful substance an individual ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin is the A. EC50 B. LD50 C. Median lethal dose D. dose

dose

which of the following terms is used to describe the dose of a drug required to produce a measurable effect in 50% of the animals tested? A. ED99 B. LD1 C. ED50 D. LD50

ED50

which of the following would focus on the impacts of chemical pollutants on fish, birds, terrestrial animals, and plants? A. Environmental toxicologist B. Forensic toxicologist C. Clinical toxicologist D. Regulatory toxicologis

Environmental toxicologist

when chemicals a and b are administered simultaneously, their combined effects are far greater than the sum of their effects when given alone. The chemical interaction between chemicals A and B can be described as which of the following? A. Synergistic B. Potentiate C. Antagonist D. Functionally antagonist E. addictive

Synergistic

a child shows symptoms of lead toxicity which is linked to lead-based paint on the bedroom window. This type of poisoning would be considered chronic antagonistic acute synergistic

chronic

Lethal dose (LD50) values are determined by the amount of a substance that A. Kills a test population when given at least 50g of the substance B. Kills a test population when given at least 50ml of the substance C. Kills at least 50% of the test population exposed to the substance D. Kills at least 50 of the test population exposed to the substance

kills at least 50% of the test population exposed to the substance

the biologically effective dose of an agent is A. The amount of the agent that comes in contact with an organism B. The amount of the agent that absorbed by the organism C. The amount of the agent that reaches the site(s) at which the adverse effects occur D. The amount of the agent that is administered or encountered by the organism

the amount of the agent that reaches the site(s) at which the adverse effects occur

An additive effect occurs when A. When one substance does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system, but when added to a second chemical makes that chemical more toxic B. Two chemicals when administered together interfere with each other's actions or one interferes with the action of other C. The combination of two chemicals results in an effect that is equal to the sum of the effects of each agent when given alone D. The combined effects of two chemicals is greater than the sum of the effects of each agent when given alone.

the combination of two chemicals results in an effect that is equal to the sum of the effects of each agent when given alone

A toxin with a half-life of 12 h is administered every 12 h. Which of the following is true? A. A toxic level willl not be reached, regardless of how many doses are administered. B. The concentration of the chemical in the body will slowly increase until the toxic concentration is attained. C. The elimination rate of toxin is much shorter than the dosing interval D. Acute exposure to the chemical will produce immediate toxic effects.

the concentration of the chemical in the body will slowly increase until the toxic concentration is attained

most of hazardous substances exhibit a "dose response relationship" what does this mean A. Fifty percent of the people will die when exposed regardless of the dose B. The harm caused by the hazard increases as the amount of hazard entering the body (dose) increases C. It does not matter how big a dose you receive, you will always have the same amount of harm/sickness D. Exposure to the hazard always results in harm

the harm caused by the hazard increases as the amount of hazard entering the body (dose) increases.