Training Leaders in a Diverse Multicultural Environment Mid-Term Study Notes

According to Lenski, inequality in a postindustrial society would center on control of______.

technologies

The traditional views of assimilation appear not to have explained ______.

the ethnic revival of the 1960s

During slavery, which group would be in "double jeopardy"?

African American women

______ in the United States generally has been a coercive and one-sided process described as Anglo-Conformity.

Assimilation

______ minorities often originate as immigrants who bring some resources and thus have more opportunities than colonized minorities.

Enclave

T/F - According to Blauner's hypothesis, we would expect that Chinese immigrants would have a more difficult time acculturating than African Americans.

FALSE

T/F - American Indians were seen as ideal slaves because they were hard workers and were close to the land.

FALSE

T/F - As industrialization progressed, the secondary sector declined.

FALSE

T/F - Blauner's hypothesis identifies three features of a group's initial contact situation: ethnocentrism, competition, and a differential in power.

FALSE

T/F - Indentured servants were members of a caste system and had no opportunities of mobility.

FALSE

T/F - The first massive waves of immigration to the United States were primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe.

FALSE

T/F - The statement that African Americans voted against southern segregation "with their feet" referred to the dance and blues music that developed during this time period.

FALSE

T/F - Under Plessy v. Ferguson, it was established that separate and fully equal treatment for African Americans and European Americans was constitutional; this mandate was fully followed.

FALSE

Which of the following is true about gender?

Gender is a social construction.

Which of the following would be classified as primarily an ethnic minority group?

Jewish Americans

"The elite segments of American society are using prejudice and racism to manipulate the thoughts and ideas of minority groups and to brainwash them into accepting their position in society." This statement is most consistent with ______.

Marxist analysis

During the Jim Crow era, Whites and Blacks were separated by extreme segregation. While the free Black electorate threatened the political and economic dominance of elite White society, Whites still wanted--and needed--Black labor. Which theory best explains segregation under these conditions?

Noel hypothesis

The concepts of the ______ proves useful in explaining massive separation of races in de jure segregation.

Noel hypothesis

A politician states in a campaign speech that "it is inevitable that the differences between our groups will disappear as we grow and mature as a society." This statement echoes the thinking of ______.

Robert Park

T/F - According to Robert Blauner, the way in which groups come into contact with each other, either as immigrant group or colonized group, have consequences that persist long after the original contact.

TRUE

T/F - According to sociologist Lieberson, the northern migration of African Americans actually aided the upward mobility of European immigrants and their descendants.

TRUE

T/F - According to the Noel hypothesis, if two or more groups come into contact who are characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and differences in power, then some form of ethnic or racial stratification will result.

TRUE

T/F - As the industrial revolution spread throughout Europe, parallel patterns of emigration from Europe to the United States occurred.

TRUE

T/F - As urbanization increases, paternalistic controls of minority groups tends to decrease or become irrelevant.

TRUE

T/F - Black southerners responded to segregation in part by moving to northern urban areas.

TRUE

T/F - One important factor shaping the experience of the immigrants was the extent that the group chose to be Americanized.

TRUE

T/F - The contact situation is the most important factor in the creation of minority group status.

TRUE

T/F - The movement of proportional representation in job types (extractive-manufacturing-service) closely models the progression of industrialization.

TRUE

T/F - Tom thinks that people in India lack intelligence because many of them are starving but they won't kill and eat the cows that roam freely. We could say that Tom is ethnocentric.

TRUE

What was one expression of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism?

The National Origins Act of 1924

______ is idea that group relations follow a predictable cycle starting with conflict but leading to eventual assimilation.

The race relations cycle

Which factors are interlinked with European immigration to the United States?

U.S. industrialization and the country's rise to global prominence

Opponents of Affirmative Action believe it discriminates against ______.

Whites

The most visible marker of minority group membership is skin color, and it is______.

a creation of historical and social processes

Which example of intermarriage best illustrates Kennedy's concept of the "triple melting pot"?

a marriage between a Polish Jewish man and a Russian Jewish woman

Minority group status affects access to different "life chances," health, wealth, and success including ______.

access to education

In Milton Gordon's theory of assimilation, the crucial step is from ______.

acculturation to integration

The population of the United States is currently ______.

affected by long-standing unresolved minority issues

Which concept below best describes someone who is prejudiced and does discriminate?

an all-weather bigot

One of the first results of industrialization was ______.

an increase in occupational specialization

Some social scientists believe that the "traditional" perspective on ______ does not apply and that the experiences of contemporary immigrant groups will differ greatly from those of historical European immigrants.

assimilation

Melting pot is a term for ______.

assimilation as egalitarian and benign

In The American Dilemma, Dr. Gunnar Myrdal suggests that there is a basic conflict (or dissonance) between ______.

basically egalitarian values and the discriminatory behaviors simultaneously found in U.S. culture

As dominant-minority relationships begin to take shape, prejudice and racism ______.

become rationalized

Which of the following are the key actors, according to split labor market theorists?

capitalists, higher priced labor, lower priced labor

According to Weber, a person who became rich by cleaning septic tanks would be higher on ______ but lower on ______.

class; prestige

The process of acculturation that took place under slavery could best be described as ______.

coercive Anglo-conformity

Which set of terms best characterized the situations of African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican Americans as a result of contact with Anglo American society?

colonization, paternalism

Several nation-states have re-formed into smaller units based on which of the following?

culture

One problem with the scapegoat hypothesis is that it ______.

deemphasizes the economic, political, and social forces that shape behavior

Skin color is an important marker of group membership in our society because its construction ______.

derives from shared historical experiences

Human capital theorists believe that the greater investment in ______, the higher the person's chances of success.

education, personal values, and skills

Common patterns in the process of assimilation followed by European immigrants and their descendants include ______.

ethnic succession

A social situation in which prejudice is strongly approved and supported might ______.

evoke discrimination in otherwise unprejudiced individuals

Many years ago, a European American storeowner in a racist town succumbed to pressures from others and agreed to ban African Americans from his shop, even though he himself was not prejudiced at all. This merchant was an example of Merton's ______.

fair-weather liberal

The romanticized conception of ______ that elite white women were expected to fulfill was inconsistent with the roles women slaves had to play.

femininity

The increasing interconnectedness of people, groups, and nations is referred to as ______.

globalization

One problem with Park's theory of assimilation is that ______.

he does not describe the nature of the assimilation process in much detail

In examining inequality, Weber might argue that a famous and wealthy rapper might rank ______.

high on class, high on prestige

According to Weber, a princess who was rich but "fell on hard times" and lost all of her wealth would be ______.

high on prestige, low on class

The social or physical characteristics that mark the boundaries between groups are usually ______.

highly visible

"People or groups who fail haven't tried enough." This statement would most likely be made by a ______.

human capital theorist

Strong norms of patriarchy determined the appropriate work for female Italian immigrants. They tended to work ______.

in single-sex settings among other immigrant women

For African American men and women, the changes wrought by ______ created new possibilities and new roles.

industrialization

Park argued that assimilation is ______ in a democratic and industrial society.

inevitable

Washington and Du Bois agreed that the only acceptable goal for African Americans was a(n) ______ United States.

integrated

Social structure is divided into primary and secondary sectors. Primary sector refers to ______.

interpersonal relationships that are intimate and personal such as families and friendship groups

According to human capital theory, upward mobility is a direct result of ______.

investment in education

Which of the following characteristics is not typical of ascribed status?

it can be altered through hard work and motivation

Lieberson argues that the great migration of Blacks to the North had which of the following effects on White immigrants?

it improved the status of White immigrants by providing a comparison that made immigrant Whites seem less undesirable

The ______ satisfies characteristics for a positive contact experience.

jigsaw experience

Which of the following best exemplifies de jure segregation?

laws requiring Blacks to use different water fountains from Whites

When minority groups in a society are exploited and held in a powerless status by the dominant group, which of the following stereotypes is most likely to emerge about that minority group?

lazy

"The most important source of inequality arises from a person's relationship to the means of production." This statement might be heard from a ______.

marxist

Michelle is a poor African American woman. Her race, class, and gender may combine to produce a unique kind of inequality. The concept that describes this phenomenon is known as ______.

matrix of domination

Stratification is an important concept in the study of minority groups because ______.

minority groups are often formed through struggles over control of valued goods and services

Urbanization created the potential for minority groups to ______.

mobilize and organize larger numbers of people

Racial residential segregation is an example of ______.

modern institutional discrimination

Which of the following are examples of service (or tertiary) occupations?

nurse, teacher

At the individual level, the "thinking/feeling" dimension of minority group mistreatment is called ______.

prejudice

The distinction between prejudice and discrimination is ______.

prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior

Past-in-present institutional discrimination involves practices in the present that have discriminatory consequences because of some pattern of discrimination or exclusion in the past. One example of this is______.

principle of seniority in the workforce

Your book details Americans' social distance scores from 1926 to 2001. Which of the following was not found in that research?

racial minorities such as African Americans ranked above groups with origins in northern and western Europe.

The history of the concept of race illustrates the impact of ______ and scientific ways of thinking.

rationality

Ethclass is defined by the intersection of ______.

religion, ethnicity, and class

People classified as "Asian and Pacific Islander" ______.

represent many different national and linguistic backgrounds

Germany lost World War I and experienced severe problems with economic recession, unemployment, and horrific inflation during the 1920s. Which theory/theories best explains the rise of the Nazi party in Germany in the 1930s?

scapegoat theories

Mary and her brother, Patrick, are immigrants. They both speak English and have many American friends but Mary does well in school and gets a good job that pays a lot. Patrick does poorly in school and does not have a consistent job, making only minimum wage when he works. The two of them together are an example of ______.

segmented assimilation

Which of the following is not one of the defining characteristics of a minority group?

small group size

The ______ illustrate the power of culture to shape individual perceptions.

social distance patterns

Joanna was born to a working class family, but she now belongs to the middle class. Joanna experienced ______.

social mobility

Immigrants experiencing segmented assimilation will ______.

some will be upwardly mobile and some will be poor

The one common factor that seems to account for the origin of all prejudice is ______.

stereotypes

You hear someone say that "all women are bad drivers," "all Asians are smart," and "all Latinos drive low-riders." These are examples of ______.

stereotypes

A non-Hispanic White woman sees a Mexican American male and assumes he is undocumented. This is an example of ______.

stereotyping

Friends are to the primary sector as ______ are to the secondary sector.

task oriented groups

The concept of multiculturalism includes ______.

the idea of mutual respect for all groups and heritages

Institutional discrimination is often difficult to identify and measure because ______.

the individuals who implement it may be non-prejudiced and unaware of what they are doing

A small town experiences a wave of anti-minority group violence in the weeks following the announcement of massive layoffs at the local factory. These incidents would be consistent with the predictions of ______.

the scapegoat hypothesis

Marx believed that conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat was inevitable and that the ultimate result of this class struggle would be ______.

the victory of the working class

Prejudice is to discrimination as ______.

thinking is to doing

In opposition to Marx, Weber argued that there are ______ dimensions of inequality.

three

When power differentials in a society are not very extreme, which of the following stereotypes is most likely to emerge about a minority group?

too smart

Modern racism tends to be consistent with some tenets of the ______ perspective.

traditional assimilation

You work at the local bank as a loan processor. Although you believe that Whites and African Americans should be treated equally, your boss demands that you turn down any loans requested by African Americans. You are a(n) ______.

unprejudiced discriminator

Many members of the ______ saw racial minority groups as inferior and perceived the advances being made by these groups as unfair, unjust, and threatening.

white ethnic working class