Translation Midterm

What is an idiom? Provide an example of your own

An idiom is a phrase that conveys a meaning that isn't really related to the literal meaning of the phrase. For example: An apple a day keeps the doctor away. This phrase is trying to say that if you eat healthy, you can avoid getting sick

What does Nida mean by dynamic equivalence?

Based on the principle of equivalent effect. (relationship between receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receviers and the SL message.

5. Why have language-service companies grown so much during the past several years?

Because businesses can grow and earn more money when they translate their information into other languages.

Lefevere sees translation as a kind of re-writing. He further argues that ALL literature is translation in this sense. Why?

Everyone reads things differently. Maybe what we take away from a piece of literature isn't what the author intended us to understand. The translation has the job of re writing a piece of work in a way that conveys meaning.

1. Provide your own Portuguese-English or Spanish-English example of a false friend (e.g., embarazado vs. embarrassed). Explain your example.

Exito (success)...can be confused with exit. Exito means success in Spanish, but because it sounds like 'exit' in English, it can be confused and used incorrectly. Actualmente - hoy en dia. Vs. actually Realizar - does not mean to realize - darse cuenta

3. What company sells the most motorcycles in Japan?

Harley-Davidson - cuz of its good translations in the owners manuals

Why doesn't Venuti believe that a translation can create the same effect as the original?

He argues that the original is so unique that only natives can fully understand its depth and original meaning. He says that the translators would have to either give lifelong lessons to their readers about the language an literature or change their identities in order for them to reach this "informed sensibility that a native reader would have.

Concerning the example of sadness (p. 7), why does Williams believe the paraphrase lacks poetic phraseology?

He believes the paraphrase lacks poetic phraseology because the metaphor is gone and the meaning and rhythm of the passage is changed and lost since she replaced words such as 'grieve' and 'sorrow' with 'sad.' Sad does not convey the same depth and beauty that the other words do.

Why does Folsom think paraphrases can be helpful?

He believes they can be helpful because they can convey the message directly and clearly for people who are young, learning a new language, of who struggle in their reading abilities.

Why doesn't Venuti like what John Dryden says about making Virgil speak modern English?

He doesn't like it because it "collapses the translator's labor into the foreign author's, giving us no way to understand how the translator has performed the crucial role of cultural go-between.

Philemon Holland used contemporary English political terminology (e.g., "Parliament") when translating Latin works by Livy and Pliny. What was Holland's political motive for doing so?

He is tying to show that he can put Roman literature under the English pen, as revenge for the Roman conquest of Britain

9. Why does Venuti say that a translation represents the "translator's interpretation" rather than the foreign text?

He says this because the translator has the job of mimicking the foreign text. The translator cannot give an exact translation with the same words and convey the same meaning. Instead, he must attempt to mimic the same ideas into another language, and to do this, he must follow his own interpretation.

Folsom argues that opponents of paraphrasing (like Williams) "confuse the text with the message." How is Folsom's argument similar to arguments about what makes a good translation?

His argument is similar because he believes that the most important part of a 'translation' is not the words but rather the message that they convey. Good translations do not use a word-for-word translation. Rather, they use words that can convey the same message in a way that the reader in their culture can understand.

Concerning fears about doctrine lost in paraphrases, Folsom notes that the Book of Mormon is translated from English into many languages. What is Folsom's point here? (Pp. 15-16).

His point is that the book of Mormon has been translated many times without the doctrine being lost in different languages. He is showing that even with the translations the doctrine can remain whole.

Mounin believes that translation is a dialectic process that "can never be completely finished, which also demonstrates that it is never wholly impossible either" (p. 45). I assume you agree with this statement. Why do you agree?

I agree because there are some ideas and perspectives that simply cant be translated. But at the same time there is a lot that can be conveyed, and therefore translation is not wholly impossible. It is a process that takes time, patience, and effort.

1. How has translation helped less-common languages, such as Irish, Romani, Wampanoag, and Inuit, avoid extinction?

It has helped these languages become available online/virtually. This will help them avoid extinction.

1. How have Apple and Starbuck's minimized the text in their branding and marketing to facilitate translation?

It has made it easier for them to move into other countries because the logo doesn't have any English words. They avoid using lots of words in their advertising to make it easier to translate

How can advertisements for Martinis and Scotch help us understand the challenges of equivalence?

It helps us realize that you cant just assume that you can use the same word/meaning for two different cultures. You have to cater specifically to each one. This is important because each culture has different values and places different values upon different things.

Why do theatre texts qualify as "incomplete" texts?

It is not complete because it only reaches its full potential and meaning when it is performed. Como el publico va a percibir -

1. The U.S. has no official language, although the default language is English. Why don't immigrants simply learn English when they come to the U.S.? After all, learning a new language as an adult is easy, isn't it?

It is really difficult for adults to learn new languages. While immigrants try to learn English, it is unlikely that they will become fully proficient. They deserve to have professional interpreters because it can truly save their lives. Many say that the mind changes after adolescence. "somos nosotros cuando hablamos en nuestro idioma" - la identidad La comunidad, el trabajo 1st: monolingüe. 2nd: bilingüe. 3rd: monolingue. 4th: monolingue (but have interest in Spanish - native language)

How does the "first stage" mentioned above affect translation clarity (ST to TT)?

It is very important for this first stage to be clear. If the translation is already unclear in the source language, it will be even more unclear in the target language. (remember example of Alma 19, vision of her father)

2. How does IKEA name its products?

It names its products after cities and countries in the Nordic area. It gives their products a 'cool' feeling. They also rely heavily on pictures

Venuti argues that the decision to "foreignize" or "domesticate" a translation is an ethical issue. How so?

Its an ethical issue because it causes someone to recognize (or not recognize) that what they are reading comes from a different culture and perspective. They may treat it differently.

1. How does language form community for you? In answering this question, think about the communities to which you belong: family, friends, church, work, school, etc.

Language is very important to me, and it is an essential part of my everyday life. It forms my community by containing unique vocabulary and meanings that create different aspects symbolisms in my life.

1. Why should (or shouldn't) we care about language extinction?

Languages carry culture with them. It is important to keep these languages alive because they carry the culture and history of the people.

Guaica speakers' trichotomous (as opposed to English speakers' dichotomous) approach to good and bad likely seems obvious to them. Name something that seems obviously true or correct to English speakers but not to Portuguese or Spanish speakers

Light in English. Does not have the same meaning 100% transferred to Spanish. Light suggests goodness and happiness in our culture. This seems obvious to us, but may not be obvious in another culture.

How does the goal of "playability" influence theatre translators' decisions?

May shift their views on linguistic and stylistic planes. They are doing more than just translating words/a story. It is something that will be acted out, and they have to keep that function as they translate.

Roman Jakobson describes three types of translation. Define them and provide an example of each.

1. Intralingual Translation - rewording. And interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. Example: I went to the house yesterday. Yesterday I went to my house. 2. Interlingual translation - translation proper. And interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. Example: tengo hambre. I'm hungry. 3. Inter-semiotic translation - transmutation. And interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal signs systems. Example: translating gestures. Converting a novel to una obra de teatro

Venuti lists several things that are irreparably "lost" in translation. Name two.

1. The foreign language, the sound, the order of words 2. "materiality" - sound of the words

1. How many languages are spoken in the European Union's parliament?

23

1. About how many languages exist worldwide?

6-7 thousand

What is a metaphor? Provide an example of your own

A metaphor is a comparison using like or as. An example is "you are the sun in my life."

8. What kinds of language services are required for astronauts and cosmonauts?

they must be familiar with Russian and English. They have trainings. There is a team of translators and interpreters.

What does the exercise Bassnett describes on page 119 reveal about many students' views with respect to poetry vs. novel translation?

Students will not translate poetry without reading it all the way through, but they will try and translate a novel without reading it all. They don't see how its all connected.

What does Duff mean when he says we should translate content but not form?

Take the content of the language but not the form. It is hard not to be influenced by the form of the source language. No matter how correct a translation may be, it will sound wrong if the influence of the source language can be detected in the word order/word choice. Comunicar el significado. No debemos ser dominados por las palabras del texto fuente.

How would Bassnett's recommendation about identifying a Russian name's function influence translator choices?

Taking this into account, the translator can render 'idiom by idiom' since the English system is so different.

1. The Global Public Health Intelligence Network provides early alerts about disease outbreaks. How does GPHIN collect the information it needs?

The GPHIN gets its info from foreign news and looks for key words about diseases.

According to Alan Duff, what is the best measure for determining the quality of a translation?

The best measure is if the translation does not cause the native reader to say "it sounds wrong." The translator can achieve this by using the 'third language' and not using a mixture of the two languages. El oido native (native ear).

Duff notes that before any translator can translate a text from one language to another, an important "first stage" of translation has already occurred. What is that first stage?

The first stage is when the writer puts (or translates) his thoughts into words. Esto es traducir tambien. Tiene que traducirlo bien porque puede causar ambiguidad.

1. Which of the five competing Victorian ideas do you find least appealing? Why?

The least appealing is the last one because it assumes that the SL is inferior in some way. This is simply ridiculous because every culture and language has value, and it isn´t our job to ´neutralize´ it simply so that it conforms to our idea of what is ´normal´.

4. Why are the volunteers who translate The Economist into Chinese taking significant personal risks?

The magazine uses a lot of word play and difficult and unique phrases. It makes it hard to translate the meaning Also they translate taboo subjects. So the have to do the translations within a protected forum. They need to avoid controversial topics captialismo

Why is it difficult to determine the meaning of Bon appetit in the dinner described on pp. 31-33?

The meaning of bon appétit in this situation really depends on the inflection of the speaker. We can't know if he means it sarcastically or genuinely without hearing him say it.

What do the paintings on page 11 tell us about the choices translators make?

The paintings help us understand that translators make choices based on their background, their culture, their age, what they have been taught, and many other things. Two different people will have very different perspectives and will therefore potentially make very different choices in their translations.

1. What's the cost per EU citizen to provide all the necessary interpretation services?

a. 2.3 euros, or the price of a cup of coffee

1. Skopos (Greek for "purpose") or functionalist theory made an important change in the "faithful v. free" debates. How does Skopos theory determine whether a translation is good or not?

a. According to this theory, a translation is good if the translator was able to decide the purpose of the text and translate according to the objective. b. Does the translator achieve their purpose? Es Buena si cumple con el propósito del traductor

Venuti says that a translation creates an "exorbitant gain." Name one example.

a. An example of an exorbitant gain would be the ability to see the culture of the source text through the target language. An example is given in the text of Costa's version of The Man of Feeling. We see how he used certain tones and sentence lengths to create these exorbitant gains. b. Podemos enriquecer el conocimiento de la cultura por medio de la traducción

How do words like yes, hello, and butter illustrate the limits of bilingual dictionaries?

a. Different languages use different words in specific contexts. A bilingual dictionary can't describe the different contexts that word is used in. The example was given with the word yes in French. It can either be used for a positive affirmation or in a contradiction. b. The example given with the word hello also shows that some languages specify whether one is greeting someone on the phone or in person whereas in English it does not matter. c. The example with butter shows us that in different cultures and languages a word can have different values and usages.

Sapir and Whorf argue that every language creates a unique world. As a result, they believe that translation is essentially impossible. How does a seemingly simple word like house illustrate Sapir and Whorf's point?

a. Every language is different, so in English house might mean a structure while in another language house might mean home. It just depends on the culture b. No traducimos idiomas. Traducimos textos. Y cada texto tiene un mundo.

Williams argues that the paraphrases omit important meanings. Provide two examples that Williams uses.

a. Example 1: in Alma 4:5, the phrase "united themselves to the church" was replaced with "were baptized." This makes the meaning more passive instead of us reading that the converts actively tried to unite themselves to the church. b.Example 2: in 1 Nephi 17:30-31 we see how these important meanings are not only omitted, but they are also changed. Words are changed and replaced with words that convey different meanings.

1. Name two responsibilities of a "media analyst" working for a government intelligence agency.

a. Find out what is going on in a given place and make sense of it b. They read the media of a specific region and must translate it and analyze it. They have to describe whats going on and why it is.

Both Wycliffe and Tyndale had the same goal regarding what kind of language should be used in Bible translation. What was that goal?

a. Fluidity and intelligibility b. Domesticated.

What does Nida mean by formal equivalence?

a. Focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. In this type of translation, one is concerned with correspondences like poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, concept to concept. "gloss translation." Allows reader to understand as much of SL context as possible. b. Friday the 13th (martes el 13)

What was the Catholic Church's principal objection to vernacular translations of the Bible?

a. Has stories that corrupt the minds of youth b. They didn't want to lose the power. It gives the power to the church cuz they can control the interpretation of the scriptures. They were fearing a reformation

1. The long quote from George Steiner (p. 67) concerns translation's role in Renaissance literature and politics. In your own words, what is that role?

a. He essentially says that translation was the glue during this time. It held everything together amidst the stress of conflict (religious and political). b. Good translations can create bonds, build bridges

1. What did Evan Zohar's studies reveal about the prevalence of translation in a given culture?

a. He found that as literature evolves, so does the translation and the amount of it. b. Role of translation in emerging literature: very important, especially al principio

What does Williams mean by "the language of worship"? (Pp. 8-12)

a. He means the language that we learn and use through the scriptures, hymns, repeated ordinances, and temple ordinances. The language of worship is typically more active than the passive words that are used as substitutions. c. The connotation that the words give in context (secular vs. religious) d. In Utah they use the word " moisture" to thank God for the snow and rain in prayer i. Why is it prayer language? Cuz we want to speak in a lenguaje elevado! Buscamos crear un lenguaje sagrado. Tambien buscamos crear un espacio sagrado. e."thee and thou"

Wyatt's translations of Petrarch's poetry suggest a functional approach. That is, Wyatt tries to ensure that his translation fills the same function in English as the Latin poem did in Roman culture. How does Wyatt seek to accomplish this goal?

a. He seeks to accomplish this goal by focusing more on the meaning of the SL and transferring it to the TL in a way that is significant to the culture of the TL. b. "shows faithfulness not to words or sentence structures but to a notion of the meaning of the poem in its relationship to its readers."

1. Why was interpreting at Nuremberg particularly harrowing for interpreter Peter Less?

a. He was interpreting for the Nazi men that were responsible for the death of his family.

1. How does Daoud Hari's experience in Sudan illustrate the risks that military interpreters take?

a. His experience helps us realize that military interpreters take great risks to convey the stories and ideas of the people between the two languages. They risk being caught and seen as traitors.

How did Plato's ideas about the "divine inspiration of poetry" influence early theorists' ideas? (p. 64)

a. His ideas influenced early theorists' ideas because through his doctrine it was deemed possible for the spirit or tone of the original to be recreated in another cultural context. b. "the gods are involved in that creative process"

1. Which of the approaches to the Ungareti poem (pp. 111-113) do you find most effective? Why?

a. I found the second approach more effective. I liked how the syntax was different and that it helped the word "frozen" stand out. I feel like it was a great way to catch the attention of the reader and draw him to the importance of the poem.

On page 79, Bassnett summarizes five competing Victorian ideas about what translation should be. Which of these do you find most appealing, and why?

a. I found the third idea most appealing. I liked the idea of bringing the reader up to speed with the foreign text so that they are more culturally in tune with what the text is saying.

1. Concerning the prior question, have you seen an instance where a reader/listener emphasized that symbol or element to the exclusion of others? Explain.

a. I have seen this when hymns, where someone tries so hard to harmonize that they forget the words and the tempo of the song.

1. Name a symbol or structural element you consider vital to a particular poem or song. Have you seen an instance where a reader/listener has failed to recognize that symbol or element? Explain.

a. I think in hymns sometimes we say 'bless-ed' instead of 'blessed.' It changes the rhythm and the pace. I have had experiences where someone who is unfamiliar with the hymns has sung the word incorrectly because they were unaware of the structural importance of the word.

Venuti believes that "domesticating" translations—that is, fluent translations that appear to be works originally written in the target culture—devalue translators' work. Why?

a. If the translations are 'domsticized' the translator is doing the work of a machine. His work is devalued because he no longer has the purpose of conveying meaning. It is all neutralized. b. The better you are, the less you are valued because your job looks easier.

According to Williams, how does the Wilson paraphrase lose allusions to remembrance? (p. 6)

a. Instead of using the phrase "retained in remembrance," Wilson used the phrase "have you completely forgotten..." The Book of Mormon is continuously making references to "remembering/remembrance," and since Wilson replaced that word with a different "simpler" phrase, the connection to the allusions to remembrance is lost.

1. On page 92, a long paragraph explains how every translation actually involves at least two translations. What are they?

a. It is first translated into the SL, and then it is translated into the TL b. Mental activity, and then converting it into words on paper c. Cada traduccion es una interpretación

What makes Italian "slight accidents" so culture-bound?

a. It requires background knowledge of Italian driving to even understand the word. need knowledge of Italian driving habits, frequesncy that the accidents occur,

1. Why might archaizing approaches be seen as an effort to "colonize the past"? (p. 80)

a. Its an effort to organize the past

1. Name two challenges that the U.S. government faces in finding qualified translators and interpreters for strategic languages like Arabic, Pashto, or Kurdish.

a. Lack of passion for language learning by students. Also lack of government encouragement to learn critical languages. b. Lack of English proficiency on the other hand c. Can be seen as morally ambiguous work

1. Is John F. Kennedy really a jelly doughnut?

a. Nope. It was just a myth that he has said that he was a donut, but upon further review it was clarified that there was not a mistranslation.

1. Anthony Pym's study of website localization suggests something surprising about how much people actually read online. What did Pym learn?

a. People hardly read a fourth of an article, so there might be room for change (spend less time on these articles, don't have to be perfect since people aren't even reading them very closely) b. Localizacion: preparing a product for a new locale. (example of the Incredibles, translated into Argenine Spanish, Mexican Spanish, "universal Spanish") (another example of Alma and the "great spirit")

In Rule #1 for reading translation, Venuti says we should appreciate form. Why?

a. Rule 1: don't just read for meaning, but for language too; appreciate the formal features of the translation. b. We should appreciate form because we need to realize that the translator has chosen every word in the translation. The meaning and qualities do not belong to the original. They are a result of the translator's imitation of the foreign text.

In Rule #2, Venuti says we should "be open to linguistic variations" in the translation. Why?

a. Rule 2: don't expect translations to be written only in the current standard dialect; be open to linguistic variations. b. We should be open to linguistic variations because dialects, slang, jargons, and other foreign borrowings tend to be language-specific, and they usually don't travel well between the two languages. Therefore, the translator needs some flexibility to be able to bring the foreign text into a different culture. c. Cada tranduccion es como una interpretación

7. In Rule #3, Venuti warns us not to "overlook connotations and cultural references" in the translation. Why?

a. Rule 3: Don't overlook connotations and cultural references; read them as another, pertinent layer of significance. b. He says to not overlooks these things because they can bring more significance to the translation. He gives the example of who a very influential version of the Bible was used in a translation, and this influence was portrayed because this particular version of the Bible was chosen.

In Rule #4, Venuti says we should always read the translator's introduction. Why?

a. Rule 4: Don't skip the introductory essay written by a translator; read it first, as a statement of the interpretation that guides the translation and contributes to what is unique about it. b.We should always read it because it will help us understand what was guiding the translation and we will be able to better understand what is unique about that particular translation.

In Rule #5, Venuti says we shouldn't think that one translated work represents all of a particular culture's literature. Why?

a. Rule 5: don't take one translation as a representative of an entire foreign literature; compare it to translations of other works from the same language. b.He says we should not do this because a translators interpretation will be partial incomplete, and may represent ideas differently than other translators. He says we must read several different translations of other works to gain a fuller understanding of the culture's literature

What is semiotics?

a. Semiotics is the science that studies signs and symbols and their use or interpretation (significante y significado) b. Think of a 'queen' in chess. She only has value within the game. Outside the game, she isn't a queen (she can be a paperweight...etc)

1. Why did Hillary Clinton have trouble "resetting" the U.S. relationship with Russia in 2009?

a. She had the wrong word engraved into the pin she gave to the Russian. She even had it written in the wrong language.

1. Concerning the interpreters who have worked with U.S. presidents, describe one interpretation success and one failure.

a. Success: an interpreter hesitated in his interpretation, and the guy who had asked a question left the room to use the restroom. The president took this time to consult the interpreter on how to answer the question, and he was able to help. b. Failure: when the unofficial translator didn't have time to prepare and wasn't trained in the target language he said several things a little wrong that caused embarrassment for the president.

1. How does the study of translation reveal power relationships? Think of Bassnett's examples about news reporting, censorship, and Fitzgerald's translations of Persian literature.

a. The study of translation gives these people power over others. They have a greater knowledge and can make decisions. They get to chose how to depict certain things that they translate.

1. Medieval scholars promoted translation as a way for students to improve both their writing and their public speaking. Provide an example from the text.

a. The translation of Greek originals to Latin.

1. Why has so much ink been spilled on the topic of poetry translation? For heaven's sake, it's just poetry, isn't it?

a. The translations need to relate the parts to each other and to the whole. This is a whole new complex area of translation b. Una de las formas mas antiguas que tenemos de la literatura c. Today's poets are more like song artists

Venuti describes a kind of "trade imbalance" with respect to translations from and into English. What's the supposed imbalance?

a. There are far more things translated from English to other languages than there are things from other languages ttranlsted into English. He argues that is is xenophobic on our part. b. We don't learn as much about other cultures! We only read about our own culture. Other countries are reading a lot about our culture through our books.

1. Name two ways in which the Internet has changed people's expectations about translation and translation practice.

a. There is a greater demand to train translators more quickly. b. New spreads more quickly and there is now a greater demand to translate more information more quickly. c. Speedy, cheap, and accurate

How do terms like democracy or home suggest that "cultural untranslatability must be de facto implied in any process of translation"? (p. 43)

a. These terms help us realize that different cultures tie different significance to words. It is hard to translate someone's perspective. b. Democratic - different countries use 'democratic' but have different political systems. But by applying this word, they are trying to fit in. "it's the flavor of the month."

1. Why are interpreters in conflict zones more likely to die than regular soldiers?

a. They are viewed with suspicion by one side or the other, or both. They are often seen as traitors.

Both Cicero and Horace favor a kind of translation we can call "enrichment through translation." This attitude appears to grant quite a bit of creative license to translators. How did the Roman elite's knowledge of Greek influence this attitude?

a. They assumed their readers already had an understand of both languages. Therefore they could translate with more creativity since they assumed their audience would understand b. They add on a lot that isn't actually there. Example of earth wing and fire doing the cover of the Beatles. Sounds way different.

How does Guaica (south Venezuela) speakers' approach to words like good and bad illustrate how different cultures organize the world?

a. They cover a different area of meaning. Good can refer to things that we might think of as bad. Bad might refer to things that are absolutely culturally unacceptable in our society. b.Matar: se evalua la acción como buena si era de otro tribu/pandilla

How did Renaissance translators create an "affirmation of the present"? (p. 65)

a. They created an affirmation of the present by using contemporary idiom and style. There is also the frequent replacement of indirect discourse by direct discourse.

1. Why does Bassnett believe that audiovisual and technological translation should be regarded as their own fields of study?

a. They have different criteria and responsibilities. He relates it to how they separated film and literature.

1. Why is interpreting at the United Nations a kind of relay race?

a. They have to essentially take turns interpreting, and they have to do it efficiently because other translators are finishing for them to finish translating so they can translate.

1. Name two responsibilities of State Department translators.

a. Translating treaties b. Letters/ foreign documents

1. What does the old Italian expression "Traduttore, traditore" have to do with how interpreters seeking asylum after conflicts?

a. Translator, traitor. After the war is over, they are number one on the assassination list. They pose a threat/mistrust.

1. Folena describes medieval translation as either vertical or horizontal. What do these terms mean?

a. Vertical: a way that medieval translation might be described. He intends translation into the vernacular from a SL that has a special prestige or value b. Horizontal: where both SL and TL have similar value c. Vertical: prestigious language (latin). Spanish to latin. d. Horizontal: translation between English and Spanish. e. Hay idiomas mas prestigiosas que otros (latín). Also, english. Its cuz it's the language of popular culture, technology, science. f. "cual es el major español"

Why do we laugh at translation errors?

a. We laugh because we are confident in our native English proficiency and because we have sorted out the confusions. This shows that we as readers can perform several mental tasks at once.

1. Lotman lists four possible positions of a reader/addressee. Why does Bassnett believe that position two is probably best for literary translators?

a. Where the reader focuses on the content as matter - picks out prose argument or poetic paraphrase b. The reader grasps the complexity of the structure of a work and the way in which the various levels interact c. Where the reader deliberately extrapolates one level of the work for a specific purpose d. Where the reader discovers elements not basic to the genesis of the text and uses the text for his own purposes. e. She believes position two is best for literary translators because they are first readers and then writers and must take a position

1. Why is intoxicado translation's seventy-one-million-dollar word? How does the story of that word illustrate the need for professional interpreters in medical environments?

a. intoxicado is translation's seventy-one-million-dollar word because it has several different meanings and can be misleading. It is called a false friend. These differences in meanings cost Willie Ramirez the right treatment, and the malpractice settlement was 71$ million. b. This story shows us that even someone who is competent in two languages does not necessarily think of all the "nuances of a language. An interpreter is vital, especially in the medical environments because people's lives are on the line.

Name three problems (there are many more than three) that show a translator has been controlled by the ST's form.

One problem is that the word order is incorrect. If the translator follows the exact word order as the source language, the translation in the target language may not make sense/may sound weird. Another problem is when the translator isn't familiar enough with the vocabulary necessary and they make a strange word choice. This will cause the reader to be taken by surprise with a word that may be too strong or not strong enough in the context. A third problem is when the translator creates unintentional associations by using incorrect punctuation. Anglicismo de frequencia (se emplea mucho alguna forma - like saying yo a million times)

6. What kinds of text does United Airlines translate?

Online text, websites so people can buy tickets, create accounts, even signs in the airport

Per Jakobson, what is the principal challenge for translators (pp. 25-26)?

Principal problem for translators that there are no equivalent words between languages that have the exact same meanings.

Bassnett criticizes both the Magic Mountain and Fontamara translations. The criticism raises essentially the same structural issue. What is it?

Separates content from form

Williams believes that scripture should be read in a certain way. What does she mean when she says that scripture is NOT "a body of information which we are to decode, process, and pray about"? (p. 9)

She means that instead of trying to simply and decode the scriptures, we should first try to immerse ourselves in them and try to learn them. Learn the language of the scriptures and live with this meaning in our hearts. She believes the scriptures are different than ordinary books and should be treated as such. The scriptures are less informational and more experiential. also: El libro de Mormon nos da experiencias. No nos da tantos principios como experiencias.

With respect to novels, how should translators identify translation units (pp. 126-127)?

Should consider the function of both the text and of the devices within the text itself. There is an interlocking system, and each has a determinable function in relation to the whole.

How does figurative language (idioms, metaphors) create translation problems? Give two examples (your own) from Spanish-English or English-Spanish translation.

Sometimes the translator can unthinkingly reproduce the defects of the original idiom and metaphor. The meaning of a word may be contradicted, or the language and images are not well matched. It can also create confusion of whether a phrase is positive or negative if it is unfamiliar in the other language. Examples: "Don't beat around the bush" - if you tried to directly translate this to Spanish, it would definitely not convey the same meaning as it does in English. It would be important to use a phrase in Spanish that created a similar meaning but didn't necessarily use the same words. Another example come from Spanish. "Quedarse de piedra." If you said this in English, you would say "to be stunned" not " to be like a rock." If the translator wasn't familiar enough with the languages, he/she may run into this translation problem.

How does register affect translation style? Give two examples (your own) from Spanish-English or English-Spanish translation.

The translator will change the style based on the register. If the translation is intended for a more informal audience, the register will be informal, and therefore the style will be set by this informal translation. The style will be ruined if at some point in the translation there is a formal use of the language. Examples: An example would be to use a phrase such as "hanging out" (very informal/colloquial language) when translating an opera (usually has very formal language. This would affect the style. Another example would be using a very proper word such as 'socorrer' instead of 'ayudar' in a conversation between teens. A grandma that says some crazy stuff...someone coming for a lecture and saying something like "whats up guys?"

How do Russian names present challenges for translators working into English?

The use of names in Russian can denote shifts in point of view. A character is perceived by both other characters in the novel and from within the narrative. It is essential to consider the function of the naming system, rather than the system itself.

How do mixed structures create translation problems? Give two examples (your own) from Spanish-English or English-Spanish translation

They create problems because they have omissions of phrases or of structure that can confuse the reader. There can also be confusions in the patterns of the target language that cause these problems. examples: For beginners, "I have to go" in English is often stated as "tengo ir" in Spanish because the 'translator' is not familiar with the structure of Spanish and the necessity of having 'que.' Another example of mixed structures would be if one were to say "we play the cards all the days" when translating "jugamos las cartas todos los dias." Instead of applying the English structure, the person just kept the Spanish structure.

Bassnett rejects the idea that novels basically contain paraphrasable material content. Why? (See pp. 123-125).

They don't see how individual sentences form part of the total structure.

Why do idioms and metaphors create special challenges for translators?

They have a cultural meaning and the translators have to decide whether it makes more sense to try and convey the same message or use a different phrase from the target language to convey a similar meaning.

9. How does Detroit host Japanese auto executives?

They have created a hotel that helps the guests feel like they are in Japan. They appealed not only to their language but also to their culture.

On page 33, Bassnett argues that translators have a "moral responsibility" to TL (target-language) readers. What is this supposed moral responsibility?

They have the moral responsibility to find a solution to daunting problems, and translate difficult phrases.

1. How do medical interpreters help improve the efficiency of healthcare services.

They help avoid expensive tests that can be avoided with interpreters. This results in less spending and shorter stays for patients. The patients are also more satisfied with their visit.

1. Why do U.S. courts provide interpreters for non-English speakers accused of crimes?

They need interpreters to avoid being charged or not charged incorrectly. Constitution has been interpreted to guarantee this right.

7. How does Iceland's principal airline promote knowledge of the Icelandic language?

They put their language and translations everywhere. They put it on the seats, the meals, the coffee cups, the entertainment center, everywhere.

1. How did Mission 4636 aid Haitian earthquake victims in 2010?

They set up a free phone line and had volunteers and translators working to help people who were messaging in.

10. How does hydrocortisone qualify as an exotic medicine for German tourists in China?

They think it is something special, but its really just the same thing they already have in their own country, they just don't know it.

1. Why is this chapter called "Saving Lives and Protecting Rights in Translation?

This chapter talks about how translation can save lives or it can ruin them. The chapter starts out with two stories of people who had translation experiences with translation and their lives.

What does Duff mean by a third language?

When Duff refers to a third language, he is talking about the language that is "created" when a translator impose the concepts of one language on to another instead of freely moving from one language (world) to another. This third language is neither the source language nor the target language. Instead, it is a 'third language,' a mix of the concepts from the two languages.

Was the sociologist wrong to omit certain parts of Hamlet as she told the story?

i. I don't think it was wrong. There were certain concepts that she tried to get across but the people refused to understand. I think it is important to try to include the most important parts in order to convey the meaning. The Tiv people did not seem to have the capacity or the willingness to understand the partsshe left out. ii. Idea of Friday the 13th (martes el trece)

Why did the sociologist believe that Hamlet is universal? In your answer, consider how ideology works behind our backs without our realizing it.

i. She thought it was Universal because she thought human nature was universal. But what she didn't realize is that different cultures have different beliefs and understandings of life, and what she believed was common knowledge did not necessarily constitute as common knowledge for the Tiv people. ii.It was her reality, and it just made sense for her. "Es una obra clasica. Puede comunicarse bien con todas las generaciones."

Describe three elements of Hamlet that seem universal to English speakers but are not obvious to the Tiv people.

i. The ghost of his father (ghosts don't exist for them) ii. The reason for Ophelia dying iii. La boda (la idea de monógamos marriage isnt as univeral) iv. Kings vs. chief