ugh another apush test
How does the author describe Woodrow Wilson?
idealistic, intellectual, righteous, inflexible
The Progressives did not solve all of America's problems. What did they accomplish?
improved quality of life, provided larger role for people in their democracy, established precedent for a more active role of the federal government
Progressives proposed two methods for forcing the politicians in the state legislatures that balked at the obeying of "will of the people" to act. What were they?
initiative (voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill) and referendum (allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballot)
What did President Roosevelt insist upon?
insisted upon a Square Deal (conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection)
Why did Progressives within the Republican Party become so disenchanted with Taft that they accused the President of betrayal by joining the conservative wing of the party?
instead of lowering the tariff like he had promised, he signed and defended the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which raised the tariff on most imports; Taft fired Pinchot, a dedicated conservationist, after he criticized Richard Ballinger, Taft's distrusted secretary of the interior; failed to support Republican effort to reduce the dictatorial powers of Congress' leading conservative, Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon; openly supported conservative candidates for Congress in the midterm elections of 1910
How did settlement house workers improve urban life?
lobbied vigorously (and were successful for the most part) for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, safety regulations for tenements and factories
When was the Progressive Era? When did it come to an end?
1901-1917; when WWI started in 1917
Which group of people, for the most part, were ignored by Progressive presidents and governors?
African Americans
What has happened ever since the Federal Reserve Act (1914) was passed?
Americans have purchased goods and services using the Federal Reserve Notes issued by the federally regulated banking system
In what ways did Progressives advocate for reforms that increased the participation of the average citizen in the political decision-making process? Explain each:
Australian (Secret) Ballot: political parties manipulation and intimidation of voters by printing lists; Direct Primaries: when Republicans and Democrats would nominate candidates for state and federal offices in state conventions ruled by party bosses
Why did the Progressive movement not do much about segregation and lynching?
coincided with years when thousands of blacks were lynched by racist mobs; few Progressives did anything about segregation and lynching
Two major pieces of legislation completed President Wilson's New Freedom program in 1914. What did each of the following do?
Clayton Anti-trust Act: strengthened provisions in the Sherman Trust Act for breaking up monopolies, most important for organized labor, contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts; Federal Trade Commission: new regulatory agency was empowered to investigate and take action against (unfair trade practice" in every industry but banking and transportation
President Wilson was, at first, opposed to any legislation that seemed to favor special interests such as farmers' groups and labor unions. He was finally persuaded to extend his reform program to include some Progressive measures. What did each of the following acts do?
Federal Farm Loan Act (1916): 12 regional federal farm loan banks established to provide farm loans at low-interest rates; Child Labor Act (1916): prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old
What did the ruling in the Supreme Court case of Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) declare?
declared Child Labor Act unconstitutional
What was the purpose of the League of Women's Voters, organized by Carrie Chapman Catt?
dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues
What motivated the African-Americans to leave the South?
deteriorating race relations, destruction of cotton crops by the boll weevil, job opportunities in northern factories
Why did the muckraker popularity begin to decline after 1910?
difficult to continue making stories more sensational than the last, faced economic pressures from banks and advertisers to tone down their treatment of business, corporations were coming more aware of their public image
Racial discrimination during the Progressive Era prompted African-American leaders to found three powerful civil rights organizations over a span of six years. What were those three organizations and what did they each do?
Niagra Movement (1905): a group of black intellectuals in Niagra Falls, Canada, who aimed to secure equal rights for blacks; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1908): members of the Niagra Movement and white Progressives who wanted to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for African American children; National Urban League (1911): helped people migrating from the south to northern cities and emphasized self-reliance and economic advancement
Who were the four candidates for Presidential in the Election of 1912 and what political parties did they represent?
President Taft (Republican), Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Republican / Bull Moose Party), Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
What groups made up the diverse Progressive movement? What belief loosely linked these groups together?
Protestant church leaders, African Americans, union leaders, feminists; "progressive" (belief that society needed reform and that the government was the key to correcting social and economic ills)
Roosevelt increased his popularity by being the first president to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) since its passage. What did he do to enforce it, gaining a reputation as a trust-buster?
directed his attorney general to take antitrust action against Standard Oil as well as over 40 other large corporations
Who made up the growing numbers of the urban middle-class?
doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers
Without strong leadership, the diverse forces of reform could not have overcome the conservative resistance to change. Who were some of these leaders?
Theodore Roosevelt and Robert La Follette (Republican party), William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson (Democratic party)
How did Washington and Du Bois differ?
Washington was born into slavery on a southern plantation; Du Bois was a northerner with a college education (became a distinguished scholar and writer)
How did the Election of 1908 play out?
William Howard Taft (Republican) defeated William Jennings Bryan (Democrat)
Who won Presidential Election of 1912? Why?
Wilson because the Republican party was split at the time
Who was Alice Paul, what group did she belong to, and what did she do? How were they different from NAWSA?
a woman from NJ who became the leader of the National Woman's party in 1916; focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution; broke from NAWSA, took a militant approach to gain the vote through mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes
How did President Wilson break from a longstanding tradition?
addressed Congress in person about the need for lower tariff rates to bring consumer prices down (past presidents had always sent written messages)
What did Margaret Sanger advocate? What would her movement eventually become known as?
advocated birth control education (especially among the poor); Planned Parenthood
What did William Edward Burghardt Du Bois argue in his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk?
argued that political and social rights were prerequisite for economic independence
What did the supporters of pragmatism argue? Why did Progressive thinkers adopt the new philosophy of pragmatism?
argued that the "good" and the "true" could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideals; allowed them to challenge fixed notions that stood in the way of reform
What did the Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, authorize the U.S. government to do?
authorized US gov to collect an income tax
What is the difference between a "bad trust" and a "good trust?"
bad trust: harmed the public and stifled competition; good trust: dominated a market through efficiency and low prices
How was President Wilson, a Democrat, similar to former President Roosevelt, a Republican?
believed that the president should actively lead Congress and appeal directly to the people to rally support for his legislative program
How did the professional class use their positions to help the Progressive movement?
belonged to national businesses and professional associations that could provide platforms to address corrupt business and government practices and urban and social-economic problems
What did Booker T. Washington stress in his Atlanta Exposition speech in 1895?
blacks need for education and economic progress; black concentration on learning industrial skills for better wages
While Progressive governors and mayors were battling conservative forces in the state houses and city halls, what did Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson seek?
broad reforms and regulations at the national level
How did President Wilson immediately address the tariff issue?
called a special session of Congress to lower the tariff
How did President Roosevelt handle the dispute between business and labor?
called a union leader and coal mine owners to the White House to make a compromise
How did the campaigns play out for each candidate?
came down to a battle between Roosevelt and Wilson; Roosevelt: New Nationalism, more gov regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, more social welfare programs; Wilson: New Freedom, limit big business and big government, bring about reform, end corruption, revive competition by supporting small business
What impact did The Jungle, a muckraking book by Upton Sinclair, have after describing, in horrifying detail, the conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking plants?
caused Congress to enact two regulatory laws (1906); Pure Food and Drug Act: forbade manufacturing, sale, and transportation of adultered / mislabeled foods and drugs; Meat Inspection Act: federal inspectors would visit meatpacking plants to make sure that they met the minimum standards of sanitation
What were the problems addressed by African-American leaders such as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois?
economic deprivation and exploitation, denial of civil rights
What did the third Progressive measure, the recall, do?
encouraged voters to remove a corrupt/unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote
Who was Carrie Chapman Catt, what group did she belong to, and what did she do?
energetic reformer of Iowa; president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900; argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women and enable them to actively care for their families in an industrial society
What did the overwhelming support for the Progressive candidates ensure?
ensured that reform effort would continue under Wilson
What impact did the death of President McKinley have on the Progressive movement?
expanded and moved quicker under the leadership of an active and reform-minded president
What is the cornerstone of Progressive ideology?
faith in democracy
What did the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 do?
gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies
What goals did most Progressives share? What would the achievement of these goals rely upon?
goals of limiting power of big businesses, improving democracy for people, strengthening social justice achievement; more active role for the federal government
During the first economic crisis in his presidency, which side did President Roosevelt favor, business or labor?
he favored neither
What did Woodrow Wilson pledge in his inaugural address? What did he attack in his inaugural address?
his commitment to a New Freedom; attacked "the triple wall of privilege" (tariffs, banking, trusts)
What did their platform call for?
more radical reforms than the Progressives favored; public ownership of railroads, utilities, and major industries
Who was Eugene V. Debs?
one of the Socialist party's founders and candidate for its president in 5 elecitons (1900-1920); former railway union leader, outspoken critic of business, champion of labor; adopted socialism while in jail for Pullman strike
Why is the election of Woodrow Wilson significant?
only the second Democrat elected president since the war; the first southerner to occupy the White House since Zachary Taylor
How did President Taft continue Roosevelt's Progressive policies? Did Roosevelt always agree with Taft's actions?
ordered the prosecution of almost twice the number of antitrust cases as Roosevelt; Roosevelt viewed the case against US Steel as a personal attack on his integrity
What third party, dedicated to the welfare of the working class, developed during the first decade of the 1900s?
originally called the Socialist Labor Party (1897), changed to Socialist Party of American (1901)
What most outraged the Progressives and what did they do about it? How did the Triangle Shirtwaist fire contribute to the cause?
outraged by treatment of children by industry; made state child labor laws and compulsory school attendance laws; pushed states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories
How did President Roosevelt strengthen the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission?
persuaded the Republican majority in Congress to pass two laws; Elkins Act (1903): ICC had more authority in order to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers; Hepburn Act (1906): commission could fix rates deemed 'just and reasonable" for railroads
What role did religion, specifically the Social Gospel, play?
preached against vice and taught a code of social responsibility (caring for the less fortunate, insisting honesty in public life, etc.)
How did people differ regarding the concepts of temperance and prohibition?
prohibitionists wanted to completely prohibit the consumption of alcohol in the states
What did mayors and city officials fight to take control of at the municipal level?
public ownership and operation of the city's public utilities and services such as water and electricity
What three Socialist ideas were accepted?
public ownership of utilities, eight-hour workday, pensions for employees
Although many succeeded in improving their economic conditions, what did the newcomers to northern cities face?
racial tension and discrimination
President Roosevelt enthusiastically championed the cause of conservation. Often regarded as his most original and longest lasting contribution in domestic policy were his efforts to protect natural resources. What three actions are considered particularly important?
repeated use of the Forest Reserve Act (1891) to have 150 million acres of federal land as national reserve; (1902) won passage of Newlands Reclamation Act which provided money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states; (1908) publicized need for conservation by hosting a White House Conference of Governors to promoted coordinated conservation planning by the federal and state governments
Prior to the Progressive Era, what had middle-class Americans become concerned about? What did minorities find disturbing? What were crusaders for women's suffrage calling for?
rising power of big businesses, uncertainties of business cycles, increasing gap between rich and poor, violent conflict between labor and capital, dominance of corrupt political machines in cities; Jim Crow laws in the south; greater democracy
In what other areas did women make progress during the Progressive Era?
securing educational equality, liberalizing marriage and divorce laws, reducing discrimination in business and the professions, recognizing women's rights to own property
How do many historians view progressivism?
seen as just a phase in a reform tradition
Aside from leading the executive departments, what else did President Roosevelt believe it was his job to do?
set a legislative agenda for Congress
What had happened to the status of African-Americans since Reconstruction?
steady decline
How was President Wilson a perfect example of Progressive presidents ignoring this group?
strong southern heritage, racist attitude, permitted segregation of federal workers and buildings, acquiesced to the demands of southern Democrats
What did the Underwood Tariff (1913) do?
substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years
What did the dedicated efforts of women on the home front during World War I finally persuade a two-thirds majority of Congress to do?
support a women's suffrage amendment
What idea contained in Roosevelt's New Nationalism would have a lasting influence for much of the 21st Century?
the idea of strong federal government regulations helping the people
What did the failure of the Progressive Party at the local level suggest?
the new party would not last
At the close of the 19th century, about nine out of ten African-Americans lived in the South. What would happen over the next century? What would that movement become known as?
the ratio would steadily shift to the North, internal migration of about a million people travelling to the north seeking jobs; became known as The Great "Migration"
How were the Progressives similar to the American reformers that came before them?
the way people thought and reasoned was challenged
What is a strong indicator that the voters approve of President Roosevelt's actions?
they elected him by a landslide
What did the people that supported progressivism want?
to advance the existing society (moderate political changes and social improvement) using government action
How did a new generation of feminists view the Progressive Era?
viewed Progressive Era as a time of increased activism and optimism for a new generation of feminists
What did reform-minded governors battle at the state level?
wanted to break the power of the city bosses and take utilities out of the hands of private companies
President Wilson was persuaded to believe that the gold standard was inflexible and that banks, rather than serve the public interest, were influenced too much by stock speculators on Wall Street. How did he respond to these issues?
went directly to Congress in 1913 to propose a plan for building stability and flexibility into the US financial system
What did the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) guarantee?
women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels
What were the muckrakers and why were they so popular?
writers specialized in-depth and investigative stories; middle-class readers loved to read about underhanded schemes in politics