UNA Bio Exam 1
what is mass a combination of
# of protons and # of neutrons
carbohydrates structure
(CH2O)n
pH equation
-log 10 [H+]
water characteristics (4)
-polar -inorganic -solvent -hydrogen bonds absorb heat
unsaturated bonds
1 or more double bonds in fatty acid
what are the four steps in gram staining
1. crystal violet 2. mordant- iodine 3. alcohol wash for decolorization 4. safranin for counterstain
four steps in endospore staining
1. primary stain- malachite green 2. mordant-heat 3. decolorize via water 4. counterstain is safranin
polysaccharides
10s-100s of monosaccharides combined in a dehydration reaction (starch, glucose, dextran, cellulose
how many amino acids are there
20
nucleosides consist of
5 carbon sugar (pentose) nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)
nucleotides consist of
5 carbon sugar (pentose) phosphate group nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)
most organisms grow best between what pH
6.5-8.5
what is in all forms of life
ATP, DNA, amino acids, codons, and ribosomes
purines in DNA
Adenine and Guanine
complex lipids contain
C, H, O + P, N, and/ or S
what do viruses consist of in their core
DNA or RNA (single stranded or double stranded)
which form of amino acids are most often found in nature
L- forms
prokaryotes have
No definite nucleus No organelles Smaller
(DNA) adenine binds with_____ and has how many hydrogen bonds
Thymine, 2
what is the makeup of a steroid
a 4 carbon ring w/ hydroxyl group attached (almost always lipids)
dark field microscopy
a form of microscopy in which the specimen is brightly illuminated on a dark background (light is blocked by disc so only reflected light gets through)
what is a viruses core surrounded by
a protein coat (capsid) and can be enveloped in lipid envelope
viruses are
acellular and nonliving
what do flagella and pili do
aid in movement
archaea use what type of metabolism
all different types
secondary structure of protein
amino acid folds on itself (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)
what makes up an amino acid
amino group, carboxyl group, side group
how do spores appear after endospore staining
appear green w/n red or pink cells
how do bacteria move
appendages (flagella and pilli)
Lister
aseptic technique
what does immersion oil do
bends the light back
bacteria divide via
binary fission
what does an acid fast stain do
binds to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls (four step process)
Are fungi asexual or sexual?
both
functional groups
bound to carbon skeletons (R group represents anything BUT H
catabolism
break down of molecules (exergonic)/ AB--> A + B + release of energy
anabolism
build up of molecules
proteins are made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Robert Hooke
cell theory
what is algae's cell wall made up of
cellulose
fungi have what type of cell walls
chitin
what sterol is used in the human membrane
cholesterol
how do algae move
cilia/ flagella
cell membranes are made of
complex lipids aka phospholipids
the advancement of human genome is working faster than
computer technology
what is pH
concentration of H+ ions in a solution
organic molecules
contain H2O and N in addition to C
(DNA and RNA) guanine binds with____ and has how many hydrogen bonds
cytosine, 3
the bacteria in an acid fast stain are not
decolorized by acid-alcohol
How are peptide bonds formed?
dehydration synthesis
monomers join via
dehydration synthesis or condensation
DNA has what sugar and how many strands
deoxyribose, double stranded
Karl Mullis
developed PCR--> helps with DNA sequencing
What type of stain is a gram stain?
differential
Fleming
discovery of first antibiotic- penicillin
Pasteur
disproved spontaneous generation, fermentation, pasteurization
endergonic
energy is absorbed (anabolism)
exergonic rxn
energy is released (catabolism)
what do proteins make up
enzymes, transporter proteins, flagella, pili, bacterial toxins, cell structures
archaea are often found in abundance where
extreme environments (methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles)
simple lipids include
fats or triglycerides
how is ATP formed
from ATP complex
anions
gain electrons, negative charge
bright field microscopy
generates a dark image of an object over a light background (all light shines through condenser and specimen
simple lipids contain
glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis
different types of proteins
glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and nucleoproteins
what do these norma microbiota help produce
growth factors like vitamin K
tertiary structure of protein
helix and pleated sheets fold into 3-D shape
multicellular animal parasite include
helminths (flatworms and roundworms)
trans unsaturated fatty acid
hydrogens on OPPOSITE side of double bond
cis unsaturated fatty acid
hydrogens on SAME side of double bond
How are disaccharides broken down?
hydrolysis
how do amino acids exist
in 2 stereoisomers (D or L)
normal microbiota are present where
in and on human body
increase in H+
increase in acidity
increase in OH-
increase in alkalinity
many carbohydrates are
isomers
what importance do steroids have in membrane
keeps it fluid
buffer
keeps pH @ optimal range
inorganic molecules
lack carbon, small and structurally simple
archaea cell walls
lack peptidoglycan, instead have pseudomurein or lack a cell wall entirely
sterols
lipids that are used to create optimum fluidity
cations
lose electrons, positive charge
what do molds consist of
masses of mycelia which is composed of hyphae
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
compound light microscope
microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image (40x time 10x= 400 mag)
Anthon van Leeuwenhoek
microscopic observations
what is the multicellular form of fungi
mold/ fruiting bodies (mushrooms)
immersion oil is needed b/c without it
most light is refracted and lost
what do transporter proteins do
move chemicals across membranes
quaternary structure of a protein
multiple tertiary structures interacting
what charge do all cells have
negative
do archaea cause disease
no
saturated bonds
no double bonds in fatty acid
when an ionic compound is formed (ex. NaCl)
no electrons are shared
what type of cell wall do protozoa have
none
nucleic acids consist of
nucleotides
when are multicellular animal parasites microscopic
only in vegetative/ dormant stage
bacteria get their nutrients from
organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis (eat anything)
Bacteria's cell wall is made of
peptidoglycan (acid fast have no cell wall)
how do algae receive their energy
photosynthesis
gram -
pink, thin peptidoglycan, two membranes
What are phospholipid membranes
polar
what does it mean that water is a solvent
polar substances undergo dissociation in H2O forming solutes
what charge are the dyes used on cells
positive
Koch
postulates/ Proved that microorganisms can cause disease (mice+ microorganisms)
what are amino acids subunits of
proteins
gram +
purple, thick peptidoglycan layer, one membrane
acids when dissolved in water
release H+ and decrease pH
salts when dissolved in water
release an anion and a cation
bases when dissolved in water
releases OH and increases pH
endospore
resistant, dormant structure that can only be stained via endospore staining
adensoine triposphate (ATP) is made of
ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
RNA has what sugar and how many strands
ribose, single stranded
rRNA
ribosomal, facilitates translation
what are isotopes
same element with different number of neutrons
Fred Sanger
sequencing of DNA
carbohydrates purpose
serve as cell structures and cellular energy sources
How do algae reproduce?
sexually and asexually
how do protozoa reproduce
sexually and asexually
bacteria have how many cells
single cells, can make biofilms
monosaccharide
single sugars (glucose and deoxyribose)
what do enzymes do
speed up chemical reactions
what does ATP do
stores chemical energy, releases P groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for cell
carbs include
sugars and starches
what does it mean that water's hydrogen bonds absorb heat
temperature buffer
primary structure of protein
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain
what do these norma microbiota help prevent
the growth of pathogens
the greater the number of OH- ions
the higher the pH
the greater the number of H+ ions
the lower the pH
how do fungi receive their energy
they absorb organic chemicals for energy (decomposers)
how are viruses packaged
they can be enveloped or not
how do viruses reproduce
they can only be replicated in a host cell
pyrimidines in DNA
thymine and cytosine
biofilms attach
to surfaces and grow into masses (attach to rocks, teeth, etc.)
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome (facilitates dehydration rxn)
Carl Woese
tree of life (rRNA and taxonomy)
disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis
(RNA) adenine binds with_____ and has how many hydrogen bonds
uracil, 2
How do archaea reproduce?
via binary fission
what is the unicellular form of fungi
yeast
can biofilms cause infection
yes