UNA Bio Exam 1

what is mass a combination of

# of protons and # of neutrons

carbohydrates structure

(CH2O)n

pH equation

-log 10 [H+]

water characteristics (4)

-polar -inorganic -solvent -hydrogen bonds absorb heat

unsaturated bonds

1 or more double bonds in fatty acid

what are the four steps in gram staining

1. crystal violet 2. mordant- iodine 3. alcohol wash for decolorization 4. safranin for counterstain

four steps in endospore staining

1. primary stain- malachite green 2. mordant-heat 3. decolorize via water 4. counterstain is safranin

polysaccharides

10s-100s of monosaccharides combined in a dehydration reaction (starch, glucose, dextran, cellulose

how many amino acids are there

20

nucleosides consist of

5 carbon sugar (pentose) nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)

nucleotides consist of

5 carbon sugar (pentose) phosphate group nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)

most organisms grow best between what pH

6.5-8.5

what is in all forms of life

ATP, DNA, amino acids, codons, and ribosomes

purines in DNA

Adenine and Guanine

complex lipids contain

C, H, O + P, N, and/ or S

what do viruses consist of in their core

DNA or RNA (single stranded or double stranded)

which form of amino acids are most often found in nature

L- forms

prokaryotes have

No definite nucleus No organelles Smaller

(DNA) adenine binds with_____ and has how many hydrogen bonds

Thymine, 2

what is the makeup of a steroid

a 4 carbon ring w/ hydroxyl group attached (almost always lipids)

dark field microscopy

a form of microscopy in which the specimen is brightly illuminated on a dark background (light is blocked by disc so only reflected light gets through)

what is a viruses core surrounded by

a protein coat (capsid) and can be enveloped in lipid envelope

viruses are

acellular and nonliving

what do flagella and pili do

aid in movement

archaea use what type of metabolism

all different types

secondary structure of protein

amino acid folds on itself (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)

what makes up an amino acid

amino group, carboxyl group, side group

how do spores appear after endospore staining

appear green w/n red or pink cells

how do bacteria move

appendages (flagella and pilli)

Lister

aseptic technique

what does immersion oil do

bends the light back

bacteria divide via

binary fission

what does an acid fast stain do

binds to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls (four step process)

Are fungi asexual or sexual?

both

functional groups

bound to carbon skeletons (R group represents anything BUT H

catabolism

break down of molecules (exergonic)/ AB--> A + B + release of energy

anabolism

build up of molecules

proteins are made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Robert Hooke

cell theory

what is algae's cell wall made up of

cellulose

fungi have what type of cell walls

chitin

what sterol is used in the human membrane

cholesterol

how do algae move

cilia/ flagella

cell membranes are made of

complex lipids aka phospholipids

the advancement of human genome is working faster than

computer technology

what is pH

concentration of H+ ions in a solution

organic molecules

contain H2O and N in addition to C

(DNA and RNA) guanine binds with____ and has how many hydrogen bonds

cytosine, 3

the bacteria in an acid fast stain are not

decolorized by acid-alcohol

How are peptide bonds formed?

dehydration synthesis

monomers join via

dehydration synthesis or condensation

DNA has what sugar and how many strands

deoxyribose, double stranded

Karl Mullis

developed PCR--> helps with DNA sequencing

What type of stain is a gram stain?

differential

Fleming

discovery of first antibiotic- penicillin

Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation, fermentation, pasteurization

endergonic

energy is absorbed (anabolism)

exergonic rxn

energy is released (catabolism)

what do proteins make up

enzymes, transporter proteins, flagella, pili, bacterial toxins, cell structures

archaea are often found in abundance where

extreme environments (methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles)

simple lipids include

fats or triglycerides

how is ATP formed

from ATP complex

anions

gain electrons, negative charge

bright field microscopy

generates a dark image of an object over a light background (all light shines through condenser and specimen

simple lipids contain

glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis

different types of proteins

glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and nucleoproteins

what do these norma microbiota help produce

growth factors like vitamin K

tertiary structure of protein

helix and pleated sheets fold into 3-D shape

multicellular animal parasite include

helminths (flatworms and roundworms)

trans unsaturated fatty acid

hydrogens on OPPOSITE side of double bond

cis unsaturated fatty acid

hydrogens on SAME side of double bond

How are disaccharides broken down?

hydrolysis

how do amino acids exist

in 2 stereoisomers (D or L)

normal microbiota are present where

in and on human body

increase in H+

increase in acidity

increase in OH-

increase in alkalinity

many carbohydrates are

isomers

what importance do steroids have in membrane

keeps it fluid

buffer

keeps pH @ optimal range

inorganic molecules

lack carbon, small and structurally simple

archaea cell walls

lack peptidoglycan, instead have pseudomurein or lack a cell wall entirely

sterols

lipids that are used to create optimum fluidity

cations

lose electrons, positive charge

what do molds consist of

masses of mycelia which is composed of hyphae

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

compound light microscope

microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image (40x time 10x= 400 mag)

Anthon van Leeuwenhoek

microscopic observations

what is the multicellular form of fungi

mold/ fruiting bodies (mushrooms)

immersion oil is needed b/c without it

most light is refracted and lost

what do transporter proteins do

move chemicals across membranes

quaternary structure of a protein

multiple tertiary structures interacting

what charge do all cells have

negative

do archaea cause disease

no

saturated bonds

no double bonds in fatty acid

when an ionic compound is formed (ex. NaCl)

no electrons are shared

what type of cell wall do protozoa have

none

nucleic acids consist of

nucleotides

when are multicellular animal parasites microscopic

only in vegetative/ dormant stage

bacteria get their nutrients from

organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis (eat anything)

Bacteria's cell wall is made of

peptidoglycan (acid fast have no cell wall)

how do algae receive their energy

photosynthesis

gram -

pink, thin peptidoglycan, two membranes

What are phospholipid membranes

polar

what does it mean that water is a solvent

polar substances undergo dissociation in H2O forming solutes

what charge are the dyes used on cells

positive

Koch

postulates/ Proved that microorganisms can cause disease (mice+ microorganisms)

what are amino acids subunits of

proteins

gram +

purple, thick peptidoglycan layer, one membrane

acids when dissolved in water

release H+ and decrease pH

salts when dissolved in water

release an anion and a cation

bases when dissolved in water

releases OH and increases pH

endospore

resistant, dormant structure that can only be stained via endospore staining

adensoine triposphate (ATP) is made of

ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

RNA has what sugar and how many strands

ribose, single stranded

rRNA

ribosomal, facilitates translation

what are isotopes

same element with different number of neutrons

Fred Sanger

sequencing of DNA

carbohydrates purpose

serve as cell structures and cellular energy sources

How do algae reproduce?

sexually and asexually

how do protozoa reproduce

sexually and asexually

bacteria have how many cells

single cells, can make biofilms

monosaccharide

single sugars (glucose and deoxyribose)

what do enzymes do

speed up chemical reactions

what does ATP do

stores chemical energy, releases P groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for cell

carbs include

sugars and starches

what does it mean that water's hydrogen bonds absorb heat

temperature buffer

primary structure of protein

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

what do these norma microbiota help prevent

the growth of pathogens

the greater the number of OH- ions

the higher the pH

the greater the number of H+ ions

the lower the pH

how do fungi receive their energy

they absorb organic chemicals for energy (decomposers)

how are viruses packaged

they can be enveloped or not

how do viruses reproduce

they can only be replicated in a host cell

pyrimidines in DNA

thymine and cytosine

biofilms attach

to surfaces and grow into masses (attach to rocks, teeth, etc.)

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome (facilitates dehydration rxn)

Carl Woese

tree of life (rRNA and taxonomy)

disaccharides

two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis

(RNA) adenine binds with_____ and has how many hydrogen bonds

uracil, 2

How do archaea reproduce?

via binary fission

what is the unicellular form of fungi

yeast

can biofilms cause infection

yes