unit 15 test

The most common way that modern ships transplant non-native species to new environments is by...

loading and discharging ballast water

The sources of heated water that can affect the marine environment include...

power plant cooling; industrial discharges

With respect to the marine environment, we can define pollution as...

products of human activities that have harmful or objectionable effects to the water quality or affect the physical, chemical, or biological environment

Sources of pollution include...

propellants, hydrocarbons, and biocides in the atmosphere; agricultural and industrial runoff; maritime accidents or ships dumping bilge water, ballast, and garbage

The Coastal Zone Management Act preserves coastal resources by...

providing economic incentives for states to preserve coastal resources.

In sewage processing, Level II treatment...

removes solids and pathogens

The 1972 Ocean Dumping Convention resulted in agreements on...

restrictions on dumping non biodegradable plastic at sea.

The major source of oil pollution in the sea is...

runoff from land

Despite the 1975 and 1983 bans on dumping radioactive materials at sea, they remain a concern because...

so much was dumped prior to the bans; evidence suggest that radioactive waste barrels are leaking; after the bans, some nuclear powered vessels continued to dump nuclear waste

Two conventions in 1973 that addressed pollution released by ships were...

the Marine Pollution Convention and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution

Possible effects of global warming include...

the flooding of coastal areas and island nations; the loss of remaining coastal wetlands; a decrease in the production of North Atlantic deep-water currents

Some ecologists speculate that Earth could become a homogeneous ecosystem because...

the spread of non-native species is so rapid; countermeasures have been relatively ineffective in stopping accidental introductions of species to new environments; some species are being found worldwide

Synthetic organic chemicals concentrate into dangerous levels from very low concentrations...

through biomagnification at each trophic level

True or false: livestock sewage concerns are the same as human sewage concerns, although sometimes on a larger scale.

true

True or false: refined oil is more of a hazard than crude oil because refinement adds toxic chemicals and concentrates biologically active compounds

true

True or false: the 1980 World Conservation Strategy is a document that provides a strategy and procedures by which nations can develop their economic potential without destroying marine resources.

true

true or false: Overfishing affects local ecosystems by creating the imbalance that must result if you eliminate a species from an environment.

true

Practices destructive to coral associated with capturing fish and fishing include...

using dynamite to stun fish; using toxic substances to stun fish

pollution costs the average US citizen about ____ annually.

1,000

Scientists estimate that about ____% of the world's coral reefs have been destroyed.

25

Climatologists estimate that the ocean absorbs about ____% of the carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels.

30 to 50

According to estimates, more than ____% of mangroves have been destroyed

50

The 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection of the Antarctic Treaty resulted in the agreement that...

Antarctica is a natural reserve

Dumping sludge causes environmental concerns including...

eutrophication

True or false: It is sometimes better to leave an oil slick alone because it's too expensive to clean up

false

true or false: the Kyoto Climate Change Conference agreed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to zero by 2012.

false

About 44% of marine pollution comes from...

agricultural and industrial runoff

Spoil and industrial solid waste damage marine communities by...

all of the above (burying them; carrying toxins; clogging feeding and respiratory organs)

Oil affects the environment by...

all of the above (changing organism behaviors; contaminating food fish; sinking to the bottom)

Plastic is a hazard in the environment because...

animals mistake it for food; it traps and entangles animals

Synthetic organic chemicals can persist in the marine environment because...

bacteria and other process don't break them down

Heavy metal risks to humans include...

brain damage; behavioral disorders; birth defects

Plastics enter the marine environment primarily...

by being dumped or lost there

Heated water can be a pollutant

by raising the temperature above the tolerance of organisms

Estuaries are particularly at risk of destruction because they...

can be used for either real estate or harbor; are sensitive environments

The significance of the June 1990 international ban on ozone-depleting chemicals is that it showed that the international community...

can cooperate to solve global issues that threaten everyone

Greenhouse gases include...

carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor

Eutrophication harms marine ecosystems by...

causing HABs

Enso events seem to correlate with...

coral bleaching

Ultraviolet radiation is harmful because it...

damages DNA and protein

The Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act granted the US federal government the power to...

designate coastal zones for research, protection, and recreation.

Most likely, the only real solution to the global warming problem is...

develop cost-effective alternatives to fossil fuel

Non-native species do damage by...

disrupting the local ecosystem; out competing and replacing native species; reducing biodiversity

So far, radioactive material has...

had no widespread effects on marine life

Radioactive materials get into the ocean primarily from...

intentional dumping

Heavy metals affect organisms by...

interfering with cellular metabolism; accumulating in the tissues

The ozone layer is vital to life on Earth because...

it protects us from ultraviolet radiation

Heavy metals include...

lead; mercury; cadmium; copper

The main environmental concern regarding lost munitions is the...

leakage of chemical weapons

____ cause(s) eutrophication.

nutrients and fertilizers

The primary cause of coastal wetland destruction is the tendency for...

people to live near the coast

Evidence that supports the theory that the Earth's average surface temperature is on the rise include...

polar ice sheets are melting; sea level is rising; tree rings show evidence that temperature is rising