unit 15 test
The most common way that modern ships transplant non-native species to new environments is by...
loading and discharging ballast water
The sources of heated water that can affect the marine environment include...
power plant cooling; industrial discharges
With respect to the marine environment, we can define pollution as...
products of human activities that have harmful or objectionable effects to the water quality or affect the physical, chemical, or biological environment
Sources of pollution include...
propellants, hydrocarbons, and biocides in the atmosphere; agricultural and industrial runoff; maritime accidents or ships dumping bilge water, ballast, and garbage
The Coastal Zone Management Act preserves coastal resources by...
providing economic incentives for states to preserve coastal resources.
In sewage processing, Level II treatment...
removes solids and pathogens
The 1972 Ocean Dumping Convention resulted in agreements on...
restrictions on dumping non biodegradable plastic at sea.
The major source of oil pollution in the sea is...
runoff from land
Despite the 1975 and 1983 bans on dumping radioactive materials at sea, they remain a concern because...
so much was dumped prior to the bans; evidence suggest that radioactive waste barrels are leaking; after the bans, some nuclear powered vessels continued to dump nuclear waste
Two conventions in 1973 that addressed pollution released by ships were...
the Marine Pollution Convention and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
Possible effects of global warming include...
the flooding of coastal areas and island nations; the loss of remaining coastal wetlands; a decrease in the production of North Atlantic deep-water currents
Some ecologists speculate that Earth could become a homogeneous ecosystem because...
the spread of non-native species is so rapid; countermeasures have been relatively ineffective in stopping accidental introductions of species to new environments; some species are being found worldwide
Synthetic organic chemicals concentrate into dangerous levels from very low concentrations...
through biomagnification at each trophic level
True or false: livestock sewage concerns are the same as human sewage concerns, although sometimes on a larger scale.
true
True or false: refined oil is more of a hazard than crude oil because refinement adds toxic chemicals and concentrates biologically active compounds
true
True or false: the 1980 World Conservation Strategy is a document that provides a strategy and procedures by which nations can develop their economic potential without destroying marine resources.
true
true or false: Overfishing affects local ecosystems by creating the imbalance that must result if you eliminate a species from an environment.
true
Practices destructive to coral associated with capturing fish and fishing include...
using dynamite to stun fish; using toxic substances to stun fish
pollution costs the average US citizen about ____ annually.
1,000
Scientists estimate that about ____% of the world's coral reefs have been destroyed.
25
Climatologists estimate that the ocean absorbs about ____% of the carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels.
30 to 50
According to estimates, more than ____% of mangroves have been destroyed
50
The 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection of the Antarctic Treaty resulted in the agreement that...
Antarctica is a natural reserve
Dumping sludge causes environmental concerns including...
eutrophication
True or false: It is sometimes better to leave an oil slick alone because it's too expensive to clean up
false
true or false: the Kyoto Climate Change Conference agreed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to zero by 2012.
false
About 44% of marine pollution comes from...
agricultural and industrial runoff
Spoil and industrial solid waste damage marine communities by...
all of the above (burying them; carrying toxins; clogging feeding and respiratory organs)
Oil affects the environment by...
all of the above (changing organism behaviors; contaminating food fish; sinking to the bottom)
Plastic is a hazard in the environment because...
animals mistake it for food; it traps and entangles animals
Synthetic organic chemicals can persist in the marine environment because...
bacteria and other process don't break them down
Heavy metal risks to humans include...
brain damage; behavioral disorders; birth defects
Plastics enter the marine environment primarily...
by being dumped or lost there
Heated water can be a pollutant
by raising the temperature above the tolerance of organisms
Estuaries are particularly at risk of destruction because they...
can be used for either real estate or harbor; are sensitive environments
The significance of the June 1990 international ban on ozone-depleting chemicals is that it showed that the international community...
can cooperate to solve global issues that threaten everyone
Greenhouse gases include...
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
Eutrophication harms marine ecosystems by...
causing HABs
Enso events seem to correlate with...
coral bleaching
Ultraviolet radiation is harmful because it...
damages DNA and protein
The Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act granted the US federal government the power to...
designate coastal zones for research, protection, and recreation.
Most likely, the only real solution to the global warming problem is...
develop cost-effective alternatives to fossil fuel
Non-native species do damage by...
disrupting the local ecosystem; out competing and replacing native species; reducing biodiversity
So far, radioactive material has...
had no widespread effects on marine life
Radioactive materials get into the ocean primarily from...
intentional dumping
Heavy metals affect organisms by...
interfering with cellular metabolism; accumulating in the tissues
The ozone layer is vital to life on Earth because...
it protects us from ultraviolet radiation
Heavy metals include...
lead; mercury; cadmium; copper
The main environmental concern regarding lost munitions is the...
leakage of chemical weapons
____ cause(s) eutrophication.
nutrients and fertilizers
The primary cause of coastal wetland destruction is the tendency for...
people to live near the coast
Evidence that supports the theory that the Earth's average surface temperature is on the rise include...
polar ice sheets are melting; sea level is rising; tree rings show evidence that temperature is rising