Unit 2 Study Guide

In his classic study of _______, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room A. obedience B. group cohesiveness C. norm formation D. psychological reactance

c

Increased arousal enhances performance A. only on easy tasks. B. only on complex tasks. C. on dominant responses. D. on all responses.

c

Kevin flosses twice a week. If told that other students at his college floss 10 times a week, research by Schmiege et al. (2010) suggests that Kevin A. will not believe the researchers. B. will intend to floss more often but ultimately continue to floss twice a week. C. will begin flossing more often. D. will floss less often.

c

Research has found that _______ speakers are rated as more objective, intelligent, and knowledgeable. A. dull B. exciting C. fast D. slow

c

if people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a non credible person may ______ over time B. stay the same C. increase D. decrease

c

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for A. hindsight biases. B. unethical treatment of human participants. C. the use of unrepresentative samples. D. functional fixedness.

A

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization? A. informational influences and normative influences B. minority influences and social facilitation C. psychological reactance and deindividuation D. social comparison and self-censorship

A

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of A. obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

A

n your marketing class, your assignment is to create an advertisement that will encourage people to buy condom X over condom Y. Given your knowledge of persuasion, which strategy would be most effective? A an ad that reads "AIDS kills," along with a suggestion that condom X prevents it B. an ad that reads "AIDS kills," along with a suggestion that condom Y does not prevent it C. an ad that suggests condom X prevents AIDS D. an ad that suggests condom Y does not prevent AIDS

A

50) Research on group size and conformity has shown that there is more conformity with A. 1-2 people than 3-5. B. 3-5 people than 1-2. C. more than 5 people than 3-5. D. 15 or more people.

B

According to the text, what term best describes the relationship between biology and culture? A. competition B. interaction C. interpolation D. reciprocation

B

Compared to girls, boys A. play less aggressively. B. play in larger groups. C. talk more intimately. D. spend more time on social networking sites.

B

Norms _____ behavior. A. describe B. prescribe C. change D. are the result of

B

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to A. exhibit increased self-confidence. B. behave more consistently with their attitudes. C. be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues. D. be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms.

B

Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they A. make use of two-sided rather than one-sided appeals. B. unswervingly stick to their position. C. argue positions that are greatly discrepant from the majority position. D. show respect for the majority position.

B

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _______ compared to the yale rate A. remained unchanged B. decreased C. increased slightly D. increased significantly

B

Which concept can explain the following facts: Patricia Hearst became a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army and later a homemaker; people randomly assigned to be the "boss" in a study solved fewer problems than did those assigned to be the "assistant"; in Zimbardo's study guards tended to become more coercive over time. A. dissonance B. social roles C. group structure D. self-perception

B

Worldwide, women's vocational interests, compared to men, A. relate to things rather than people. B. relate to people rather than things. C. relate to things and people. D. have no difference.

B

when individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is _____ and the probability of social loafing is ______ A. high; low B. low; high C. high; high D. low; low

B

According to Pratto and her colleagues (1997), which type of job is a male most likely to gravitate toward? A. public defender B. advertiser for charity organizations C. corporate advertising D. elementary school guidance counselor

C

How did Asch's studies differ from Sherrif A. Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task. B. Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions .C. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment. D. Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group, while Asch's participants were not.

C

Social loafing can be minimized if A. rewards for work are divided equally. B. the task requires dominant responses. C. individuals are identifiable. D. people work with co-workers rather than friends.

C

While sitting in a meeting, John is becoming more and more uncomfortable with the group consensus. Not wanting to make waves, though, he withholds his opinion in favor of the group's comfort. This is an example of A. having a mindguard. B. being a free-rider. C. self-censorship. D. rationalization.

C

Women are to men as _____ is to _____. A. independence; connectedness B. competition; cooperation C. expressing emotions nonverbally; social dominance D. Sexual; agressive

C

he incest taboo is an example of A. natural selection. B. a culturally specific norm. C. a universal norm. D. universal social belief dimension.

C

Milgram found that A. very few people are willing to obey another person if it will lead to harm. B. only authoritarian persons are willing to obey. C. approximately 65% of his subjects were highly obedient. D. most people who obeyed did so happily.

C.

Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of A. social facilitation. B. groupthink. C. minority influence. D. group polarization

D

Which is not a factor in why other people create arousal in us A. apprehension B. distraction C. mere presence D. vanity

D

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which social situations and individuals interact? A. Social situations affect different people differently. B. People choose their social situations. C. People create their social situations. D. People are unaffected by their social situations

D

Which two symptoms of groupthink lead group members to overestimate their group's right and might? A. rationalization and conformity pressure B. rationalization and a stereotyped view of the opponent C. an illusion of invulnerability and self-censorship D. an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality

D

The evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches is called A. evolutionary adaptation. B. evolutionary psychology. C. natural adaptation. D. natural selection.

D.

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that A. none had been harmed. B. many were suspicious of all authorities. C. a minority of them had lowered self-esteem. D. most regretted having served in Milgram's study.

a

As an example of the liberating effects of group influence, ___ percent of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter A. 90 B. 45 C. 20 D. 10

a

In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must _______ than when they must ______ A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public C. think before acting; react spontaneously D. explain their responses; keep silent

a

Kiesler recommended that one way to stimulate people's thinking so that they become more committed to their positions is to A. mildly attack their position. B. strongly attack their position. C. mildly support their position. D. strongly support their position

a

Which of the following must take place before a message is likely to persuade A. attention to the message B. peripheral processing C. central processing D. education rather than propaganda

a

he credibility of a noncredible person may increase over time if people remember the message more than the reason for discounting it in the first place... this is known as the A. the sleeper effect. B. the authority effect. C. the primacy effect. D. the recency effect.

a

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience A. dropped to zero. B. dropped to 21 percent. C. dropped to 50 percent. D. increased to 73 percent.

b

In the spring of 1954, Seattle residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious windshield-pitting agent. According to the text, the true cause of public concern was most likely A. fallout from recent Pacific testing of the H-bomb. B. mass suggestibility. C. psychological reactance. D. the auto kinetic phenomenon

b

Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue? A. "It is absolutely essential that you continue." B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on." C. "You have no other choice; you must go on." D. "The experiment requires that you continue."

b

Researchers have found that trustworthiness is _______ if the audience believes the communicator is NOT trying to persuade them. A. lower B. higher C. average D. absent

b

Sally is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to consult a magazine devoted to reviewing the quality of home electronics. After reading a number of articles stating the pros and cons of each model, she decides on a DVD player. Sally has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion. A. peripheral B. central C. logical D. image

b

When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious," they rated the person more positively than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented. This demonstrates the _______ effect. A. recency B. primacy C. channel D. sleeper

b

Abelson and his colleagues (1982) found that voting preferences in the United States could be reasonably predicted from voters'

emotional reactions regarding candidates

Studies comparing different sources of media found that the more _______ the media, the more persuasive the message.

lifelike

Brock (1965) found that paint store customers were more influenced by _______

ordinary person who bought the same paint as them

we are more likely to be persuaded by the _____ route of persuasion when we are busy

peripheral

Aisha Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha's parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of

psych reactance

Sam has a tendency to contribute little to group assignments, because he thinks others will pick up the slack. This is called

social loafing

Studies have shown that if people are aware of opposing arguments, a _______ presentation is more persuasive and enduring.

two sided