Unit 3 Test Study Guide
The Panama Canal
-France (ferdinand de lessepo) had brought a 25 year concession to build a canal -yellow fever and financial mismanagement forced the french to abandon the project -France agreed to sell the rights to the U.S. -Colombia refused, wanting to profit from the sale -Roosevelt was enraged by the "bandits" -The U.S. supported a Panamanian revolt against Colombia -we sent warships to make sure things went Panama's way. -we recognized panama as an independent country
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
-Ginfford Pinchot accused Richard Ballinger of trying to turn over govt. lands in Alaska to private industry so they could strip its resources. The accusation was groundless but Pinchot leaked the story to the press and Taft fired him for insubordination. -The Progressives felt Taft sold the Square Deal down the river -Midterm elections went against the Republican Party
Woodrow Wilson
-Governor of New Jersey- model of progressive reform -Former president of Princeton -progressive issues in his platform -New Freedom a counter to TR's New Nationalism -1st Democrat since 1892.
uckcrackers
-Group of journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption -Put pressure on politicians to address the issues and propose reforms -Jacob Riis was a Muckcracker-How the other Half Lives Willaim Tweed- Political Machine
Taft takes White House
-Hand picked by TR. William Howard Taft had no problem defeating WM. Jennings Bryan in the 1908 Presidential election. -Was a skillful administrator (Phillipines) and judge he told TR that he really wanted to be a Supreme Court Justice -Was very thoughtful, presumed slow, when making decisions- led to conflicts with the Progressives. -To the progressives it looks like Taft is joining up the "Old Guard"
Vote is Gained!
-In 1918, the House passed woman's suffrage movt. but it fails by 2 votes in Senate. -June 1919, Senate finally passes the 19th amendment -August 26, 1920, states ratified guaranteeing women the right to vote -Women's actions during WWI is what tipped the scales
Anti-Imperialism
-after annexation of Philippines in 1898, opposition to imperialism grew throughout the United states -after initial fervor in favor of imperialism many Americans change their views because of actions taken in the name of progress. -In Cuba, Latin America, the Pacific Islands, and Asia, the U.S. foreign policy was often challenged, sometimes violently.
Boxer Rebellion
-in 1900 a Chinese secret society started a rebellion protesting the influence of the West on their way of life -they were called the society of righteous and harmonious fists, or Boxers -they will kill hundreds of christian missionaries, other foreigners and even Chinese that had converted to Christianity -A coalition of forced from many countries, including the U.S. will come to China and put down the Boxer Rebellion
Building a Modern Navy
Must have a navy to defend acquired interests overseas America supported a large modern navy Mahan's book and its influence in America Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert J. Beveridge, 2 powerful senators helped push the creation of a navy through 1898- Spain and the U.S. get into a war between them TR very big fan of the book when it came out
Lewis Hine
Photographer Lewis Hine used his photographs to record social conditions and make them known to Americans. He made a large photographic study of immigrants and their lives in tenements and sweatshops in New York City. He also photographed children working under deplorable working conditions in factories, mills, and mines. His photographs of and comments by the children shocked the nation and greatly helped the reform movement to end child labor.
Empire is Born
Treaty of Paris- Dec 10, 1898 made U.S. an empirical power. As a result of the Spanish-American War the U.S. gained -Puerto Rico -Guam -Phillipines : 20mil -The U.S. will establish a military govt. in Cuba
Taft
William Howard Taft was the largest person ever to become president. He was 6 feet tall and weighed over 300 pounds.
Social Welfare Progressivism
-Created charities to help poor and disadvantaged. YMCA, Settlement Houses and Salvation Army. Passed for laws to fix social problems. -In 1900, over 1.7 million children worked outside the home Florence Kelley worked to end child labor and empire on women's working conditions (sweatshops,etc.) -Triangle Shirt Fire Waves= fire starts on 16th floor, doors locked and elevator jammed. Many ppl jumped and over 147 woman died. Starts fire and exits and building codes -Workplace reforms also got a loose during this period. Safer working conditions and workers compensation laws were created
Quote
"It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land." - Mark Twain
Quote
"You seem to have about finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos. It is thought that about 9000 of them have been completely civilized and send to homes. I hope you liked it" - Carnegie
After the Spanish-American War at Home
--> For imperialism -Americans need a new frontier -economy would benefit from markets -military would gain power by having bases -ideals of liberty and democracy would spread. --> Against imperialism -ppl denied liberties in territories -racist beliefs are used to justify control -involvement is expensive-raise taxes -U.S. has enough probles at home -The constitution must follow the flag.
Puerto Rico
-1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, making Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory. -Congress gradually allowed ppl a degree of self-govt. -1917, Puerto Ricans were made citizen of U.S. -Today, debate still continues as whether to allow Puerto Rico its independence, statehood or continue as commonwealth
Cuba
-A Spanish colony, really their last major colony in their control, provided wealth to Spain via sugar plantations. -1868 Cuban rebels declared their independence and began guerrilla attacks against the empire-it eventually fails -Afterwards several of their rebels flee to America to plan for a new revolution -Jose Marti, a writer and exile himself, began to raise money in America and began training and arming other exiles for an invasion of Cuba. -In 1894, the U.S. imposed tariffs on the sugar from Cuba (we were getting plenty from Hawaii) the economy of Cuba was devastated.
Cuba and the Platt Amendment
-After war, the U.S. establishes military govt. in Cuba. Steps were taken to ensure Cuba would maintain ties with the U.S. -Platt Amendment -Cuba can not enter into treaties with another nation that would weaken its power -Cuba had to allow U.S. the ability to buy or lease normal stationary -Cuba's debts had to remain how to keep other countries from landing troops to recoup monocies owed to them. -U.S. had the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order
Suffrage Movement
-All the way back to the end of the Revolutionary War women had been seeking the right to vote -In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Motts organized the 1st woman's rights convention, Seneca Falls, NY, after being told they couldn't participate in the World Abolitionist Convention in London, England. -After Civil War, 14th, 15th amendments guaranteed African Americans male citizens and the right to vote
Americans were not ready for the war
-American army wasn't trained and was not fit to go to war. -Poor conditions in training camps resulted in Americans dying more in training than in battle. -Sect of State John Jay will refer to this as the "splendid little war"
Theodore Roosevelt wanted to fight!
-Asst. Secretary of the Navy in the 1st McKinley Administration -Proposed idea of putting regiments of Cowboys, Indians, outlaws, and polo players from New York. -Would become the Lt. Colonel of the regiment knows as Rough Riders
Yellow Journalism
-At first the U.S. was neutral in the rebellion -Yellow Journalism is the exaggeration of stories with the intent to increase newspaper circulation -William Randolph Hurst owner of the New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer owner of the New York World tried to outdo the other in seeking more sales for their papers. -As circulation increased, the stories became more and more flamboyant, exaggerating Spanish attacks on the poor Cuban farmers.
Upton Sinclair-The Jungle
-Author Upton Sinclair wrote about the atrocities that were occurring everyday in the meat packing industry of U.S.
President
-Brought new excitement and power to the presidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong federal policy -"I didn't usurp power" he wrote, "but I did greatly broaden the use of executive power" -The gilded age ends when TR becomes pres.
National Aerican Women's Suffrage Association
-By 1890, women found NAWSA -Tried 3 diff ways to gain the vote: --Convince state legislative- worked out west --Appealed to Supreme Court the 14th amendment --Pushed for their own amendment
Other Accomplishments
-Coal Miners Strike -Everyone gets a Square Deal -Hepburn Act -ICC tried to railroad -Consumer Protection -Meat Inspection Act -Pure Food and Drug Act -New lands Reclamation Act -5 national Parks; 18 monuments -230 mil acres of land set aside -placed Gufford Pinchot to head U.S. Forest Service
Phillipines
-Controlling new empire is more difficult than getting it. -Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo ordered his troops to attack U.S. soldiers stationed there. -American General, Arthur McArthur, was forced to establish re-concentration camps to re-educate the Filipino's. Thousands of deaths --> Many U.S. soldiers were all black military units. -some desert and join with the resistance -others believe they have a duty with their race to protect the flag. -William Howard Taft will introduce numerous reforms in education, transportation, and healthcare to win over the Filipino ppl. Slowly worked -April 1902- resistance has stopped. --> 20,000 Filipino lost -->4,000 American lost -->400 mil in cost to U.S. *Takes African American out of combat units*
The Letter
-Enrique Dupuy de Lome was the Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. -He wrote bad words about McKinley like weak, low -Gets sent back to the U.S. and published -U.S.S Maine is sent to Havana -In February of 1898 the USS Maine is anchored in Havana, Cuba to protect Americans and American interests -Newspapers are making a lot of money off this story and big businesses has also sought military protection
Progressivism
-Era in American history that ran between 1890-1920 -A collection of ideas and activities about how to fix the problems in American society -Progressives believed that it was up to the govt. to take more of an active role in solving society's problems that had been caused by Industrialization, immigration and urbanization -Problems Like --White Slavery --Prohibition --Child Labor --Immigration Labor --Labor Unions/Strikes --Civil Rights --Women's Voting Rights --Muckraking Journalists
TR's Reaction to Taft
-When Taft brought an anti-trust lawsuit against U.S. Steel, a trust that TR had established as the right way to do things, that is when TR went against Taft and began to criticize his long term friend. -Progressives convinced TR to re-enter politics for Pres in 1912 election and challenge Taft for Republican Nomination -Formation of Progressive Party, their mascot was the Bull Moose
Crowded Hour
-June 1898, Rough Riders were ordered to taken Kettle Hill. TR will lead this endeavor as Col. Wood has been promoted to Brigadoir General -July 1, 1898, TR or horseback led RR and elements of the 9th and 10th regiment or regulars, African Americans "buffalo soldiers" and other units up Kettle Hill. After that hill was captured, TR now on foot, led a 2nd charge up the San Juan heights. This was what TR called his "crowded hour" his greatest moment. -After capture of San Juan heights, overlooking Santiago, the city surrendered and the war was virtually over.
Social Welfare
-Keating-Owen Child Labor Act- prohibited children under the age of 14 from working in factories -Adamson Act- established an 8 hr work day for R. R. workers. -1917, Supreme Court makes 9-10 hrs work day for men -Regulation of mines, telephone companies and other large businesses followed suit -Approved the Federal Farm Loan: long term loans at low interest rates for farmers
The U.S.S. Maine
-Late at night there is a tremendous explosion killing 20 mil American officers and sailors -At the time, no one knew what had caused it but the newspapers, immediately blamed the Spanish -Newspapers begin calling for WAR!
The 2 sides of Imperialism-Globality
-Many countries turn to the U.S. for help -We felt some nations were not ready for democracy and we were preparing them for liberty -dominican republic -cuba -Other countries resent the "intrustion" of the U.S. -Mexico - France -Great Britain - Venezuela -Imperialism requires large standing armies to crust dissent at hoe and abroad.
West of the Missisipi
-Many states west of Mississippi had already guaranteed women the right to vote in state elections -Largely due to the contributions of women in the move westward
War
-President McKinley didn't want to fight this war (last pres. to have fought in the Civil War) truth that jingoism was very strong within his own party and after great pressure, he authorized Congress to declare war -U.S. Fleet in Hong Kong is ordered immediately to the Philippines to destroy the Spanish fleet there. It's done in less than a few hours by Commodore George Dewey. -Along the way the U.S. Navy seizes Guam, a Spanish possession and takes possession of the Philippines
Moral Improvement-Prohibition
-Progressives also pushed for laws to fix social problems -Motivation or elimination of liquor because of the evils in society- service political machine -Laws banning production rule or consumption of alcohol was what they were after -Impact of of WCTU
Progressives Take on Big Businesses
-Progressives wanted to address the illegal practices of Big Businesses but couldn't come up with a consensus -Some wanted the govt to break up the monopolies to restore com.p. - Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil -Another group wanted to create more govt agencies to help handle problems -Socialism: idea that govt. should manage and run all major industries, running them in favor of public -Small group of progressives were in favor of socialism -Most progressives believed in American System of Free Enterprise
The 1912 Election
-Republican: W.H. Taft -Democrat: Woodrow Wilson -Progressive: Theodore Roosevelt -Socialist: Euguene V. Debs
Wisconsin-The Laboratory of Democracy
-Robert La Follete a progressive minded governor of Wisconsin was able to push through many new initiatives when he became a senator of the U.S. -Direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall -Direct election of Senators 17th Amendment to the Constitution
TR's Second Term
-TR's Reform Program was known as the Square Deal -He felt govt. should try to balance the needs of all groups in society. like United Mine Workers -U.S. needed progressive reforms so we could remain efficient and compete with other nations -The Trust Buster! Northern Securities. TR puts teeth into the Sherman-Anti Trust Act -Makes some BIG enemies in Big Business -Northern Securities--> J.P. Morgan
Changed the Presidency
-TR's actions during his presidency caused Americans to increasingly look to the federal govt to solve the nation's economic and social problems. The Executive Branch of govt. greatly increased problems in power!
Taft's Progressive Reforms
-Taft bought twice as many anti-trust cases to the Supreme Court as TR had. -Established Children's Bureau to fight Child Labor -Conservationist who monitored the activities of mining companies expanded a national forests and protected water power sites from private development
The "Butcher" Weyler
-The Spanish govt sent a very decorated Gen. Valeriano. Weyler to put down the Cuban rebellion and restore the sugarcane profit to Spain -Because the rebels could blend in with the everyday population Gen Weyler decided to implement concentration camps to detain those who acted against the government's interest.
Paradox of Power
-The U.S. was both admired and hated, welcomed and rejected. The United States would spend years trying to reconcile its growing power and national interests.
A Treaty is Signed
-The hay-bunau-varilla Treaty -gave U.S. Canal Zone -The Panama Canal is finished in 1914 -ahead of schedule -under budged of 300 mil -"I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate, and while the debate goes on teh canal does also" [-T. Roosevelt]
Spheres of Influence
-the european imperial powers all wanted a share of China because of her large population. They will divide China into "Spheres of Influence" -American buisness hoped ot take advantage of China's vast resources. Teh foreign spheres of influence, however, threatened their ambitions -wanted to build all of China's railroads and reap the benefits! -Philippines were on "gate way" to China -American exports to Asia between 1895 and 1900 quadrupled *To make U.S. goal of biggest industrial power* -Secretary of State John Hay proposed the "open door" policy to all foreign intercepts and they said they liked the idea but couldn't enforce it -Secretary of State Hay announced that since all of the powers had accepted the Imperialist nation's Open Door in principle, the U.S. considered their agreement "final and definitive"
Assassination of McKinley
-the personality of Leon Czolgosy contributed to his embrace of Anarchism, a philosophy that ultimately led him to shout President William McKinley in 1901. -McKinley died on Sep 14 early morning -TR as his vp will become the youngest president to serve in office
Land Aquistions by U.S.
1852: America open trade with Japan (gain market in Asia) 1866: Mexico-France tried to calm Mexico 1867: Alaska-Seward's folly, Seward in the U.S. buys Alaska from Russia to put pressure on British in Canada- a bargain at 7.2 mil (found gold there) 1867: Midway- Island aquired by the U.S. (Midway between the U.S> and Asia to power boats with coal) Hawaii 1861-1865 Civil War
XV. Progressives Versus Big Business
A. A group of progressives focused on regulating big business, but they disagreed on the solutions. One side believed government should break up big companies to restore competition. The other group wanted the creation of government agencies to regulate big companies and prevent them from abusing their power. B. *Socialism*, the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community as a whole, was an idea shared by a small minority of progressives. C. *Eugene Debs* led the American Socialist Party and was the party's candidate for president in the election of 1912. D. Most progressives and most Americans believed in the American system of free enterprise.
II. Expansion in the Pacific
A. Americans expanded across the Pacific Ocean and toward East Asia looking for overseas markets. Americans hoped to trade with China and Japan, but Japan only allowed trade with the Chinese and the Dutch. B. In 1852 President Franklin Pierce ordered Commodore *Matthew C. Perry* to travel to Japan to negotiate a trade treaty. In 1854 the Japanese, impressed by American technology and power, signed a treaty opening two ports to American trade. By the 1890s, Japan had a powerful navy and had set out to build its own empire in Asia.
IV. Building a Modern Navy
A. Americans were willing to risk war to defend American interests overseas. This led to American support for a large modern navy. B. Captain *Alfred T. Mahan* of the United States Navy published his lectures in a book called The Influence of Seapower Upon History, 1660-1783. The book suggested that a nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to trade with other countries. Mahan felt it necessary to acquire territory overseas for naval bases.
I. Building Support for Imperialism
A. Beginning in the 1880s, Americans wanted the United States to become a world power. Their change in attitude was a result of economic and military competition from other nations and a growing feeling of cultural superiority. B. *Imperialism* is the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations. Several European nations were expanding their power overseas, a development known as the New Imperialism. One reason for this expansion was that European factories depended on raw materials from all over the world. To protect their investments, European nations exerted control over territories where they had invested capital and sold products. Some areas became colonies while others became protectorates. In a protectorate, the imperial power allowed local rulers to remain in control while protecting them against rebellion and invasion. In return, local rulers had to accept advice from the Europeans on how to govern their country.
XVII. Social Welfare Action and Conservation
A. By 1905 consumer protection became a national issue. Patent medicines and food consumption became serious threats to Americans, forcing new legislation. B. In 1906 *Upton Sinclair's* The Jungle described his observations of Chicago slaughterhouses. As a result, federal legislation was passed. The *Meat Inspection Act *required federal inspection of meat sold and set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants. The *Pure Food and Drug Act* prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.
V. The Coming of War
A. Cuba, a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Spain with sugarcane plantations. In 1868 Cuban rebels declared independence and began a guerrilla attack against Spanish authorities. After the attack failed, the Cuban rebels fled to the United States to plan a new revolution. Writer and poet *José Martí*, an exiled leader of Cuba's revolution, fled to New York City. He raised money from Americans and began purchasing weapons and training troops to prepare for an invasion of Cuba. B. In 1894, after the United States imposed new tariffs on sugar, the economy of Cuba was devastated. Martí and his followers began a new rebellion in February of 1895. They seized control of eastern Cuba, declared its independence, and set up the Republic of Cuba in September 1895.
XVI. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
A. During his second term, Theodore Roosevelt's reform program was known as the *Square Deal*. As a progressive and a Social Darwinist, he felt the government should try to balance the needs of all the groups in American society. He believed that the U.S. needed progressive reforms to remain an efficient society that could compete successfully with other nations. B. The fight for control of the Burlington Railroad erupted on the New York Stock Exchange. E.H. Harriman of the Union Pacific Railroad and James J. Hill and J. P. Morgan of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads argued over stock, which could have led to a recession. The three men compromised by creating a new holding company called *Northern Securities*.
XVII. Taft Becomes President
A. Endorsed by Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican candidate, William Howard Taft, easily defeated the Democratic candidate, William Jennings Bryan, in the election of 1908. Taft, a skillful administrator and judge, had a slow approach to problem solving that led to conflicts with the progressives. B. Taft, like many progressives, felt high tariffs limited competition, hurt consumers, and protected trusts. Taft called Congress into session to lower tariff rates. C. Speaker of the House *Joseph G. Cannon* had the power to push bills through without discussion. Many progressives wanted to unseat him because he blocked their legislation. Taft stopped the Republican campaign against Cannon, and in return Cannon pushed the tariff bill through the House. These actions angered many progressives.
IX. American Diplomacy in Asia
A. In 1899 the United States was a major power in Asia. Between 1895 and 1900, American exports to China quadrupled. B. In 1894 war began between China and Japan over what is now Korea. This ended in a Japanese victory. In the peace treaty, China gave Korea independence and Japan territory in Manchuria. The war showed that China was weaker than people had thought, and that Japan had successfully adopted Western technology. C. Japan's rising power worried Russia. They forced Japan to give back the part of Manchuria to China and later made China lease the territory to Russia. Leasing a territory meant it would still belong to China but a foreign power would have control. This leasehold became the center of a *sphere of influence*, an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad and mining.
X. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean
A. In 1901 the *Hay-Pauncefote Treaty* signed by the U.S. and Great Britain gave the United States exclusive rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central America. A French company that had begun to build a canal through Panama offered to sell its rights and property in Panama to the United States. In 1903 Panama was still a part of Colombia, which refused John Hay's offer to purchase the land and gain rights to build the canal. B. Panamanians decided to declare their independence from Colombia and make their own deal with the United States to build the canal. The short uprising against Colombia was supported by the United States, which sent ships to Panama to prevent Colombia from interfering.
III. Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America
A. In the 1800s, the United States wanted to increase its influence in Latin America by increasing the sale of American products in the region. Americans wanted Europeans to realize that the United States was the dominant power in the region. B. Secretary of State *James G. Blaine* led early efforts to expand American influence in Latin America. He proposed the idea that the United States and Latin America work together in what came to be called *Pan-Americanism*
VIII. Theodore Roosevelt's Rise to Power
A. In the 1900 election, President McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan by a wide margin. On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz shot President McKinley, who died a few days later. B. Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's vice president, became the youngest person to become president. Roosevelt believed the United States had a duty to shape the "less civilized" parts of the world. He wanted the United States to become a world power.
VII. An American Empire is Born
A. Many Americans supported annexing the Philippines because it would provide a naval base in Asia, a stopover on the way to China, a large market for American goods, and the ability to teach "less civilized" peoples. B. On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. Cuba became an independent country. The United States acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. This treaty made the United States an imperial power. C. Controlling its new empire was not easy for the United States. *Emilio Aguinaldo*, a Filipino revolutionary, ordered his troops to attack American soldiers stationed in the Philippines. American General Arthur MacArthur was forced to set up re-concentration camps resulting in thousands of Filipinos dying.
XII. Democracy and Progressivism
A. Many progressives wanted more democracy in society. The governor of Wisconsin, *Robert La Follette*, criticized how political parties ran their conventions. He pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a *direct primary*, a party election in which all party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election. B. Three new reforms were introduced by progressives to force state legislators to respond to voters concerns. The *initiative* allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it. The *referendum* allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval. The *recall* allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office. C. To stop Senate corruption, progressives wanted the direct election of senators by all state voters. In 1912 Congress passed the direct-election amendment. In 1913 it was ratified, becoming the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution.
XX. The Election of 1912
A. Republican conservatives supported William Taft in the election of 1912. Most Republican progressives supported Theodore Roosevelt. Taft gained the Republican nomination. B. Roosevelt ran as an independent for the *Progressive Party*. In the end, the contest came down to the two progressives: Roosevelt and Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson. As governor of New Jersey, Wilson had made his state a model of Progressive reform.
XIV. Social Welfare Progressivism
A. Social welfare progressives created charities to help the poor and disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to help fix social problems. B. In 1900 over 1.7 million children under the age of 16 worked outside the home. The National Child Labor Committee worked to end child labor. C. Many adult workers labored in difficult and dangerous conditions. With the creation of building codes, workers' compensation laws, zoning laws, and health codes, the work environment was made safer for workers.
XIX. Taft's Progressive Reforms
A. Taft brought twice as many antitrust cases as Roosevelt and established the *Children's Bureau* to fight child labor. He was a conservationist who monitored the activities of the mining companies, expanded national forests, and protected waterpower sites from private development. B. Theodore Roosevelt refused to criticize Taft's actions as president until Taft brought an antitrust lawsuit against U.S. Steel—a trust Roosevelt had established. Progressives convinced Roosevelt to reenter politics and attempt to replace Taft as the Republican nominee for president in the election of 1912.
VI. A War on Two Fronts
A. The United States Navy's North Atlantic Squadron blockaded Cuba. An American fleet in British Hong Kong was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines—a Spanish colony. B. In May 1898, Commodore *George Dewey* led a squadron that destroyed Spanish warships in Manila Bay in the Philippines. McKinley sent 20,000 American troops to the Philippines and, along the way, seized the island of Guam—a Spanish possession in the Pacific. C. The American army was untrained and unequipped. Poor conditions in training camps resulted in more Americans dying in training than in battle.
XI. The Rise of Progressivism
A. The era in American history from about 1890 to 1920 is known as the Progressive Era. *Progressivism* was a collection of different ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within American society. Progressives disagreed among themselves on the solutions, but agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving society's problems caused by urbanization and industrialization. B. Progressives believed that first the government needed to be fixed and made more responsive to people before other problems could be addressed. Progressives also believed that they could fix society's problems by applying scientific principles to society. C. The *muckrakers* were a group of journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption. Their articles led to public debate on social and economic problems and put pressure on politicians to introduce reforms. Muckraker *Jacob Riis* focused on social problems in his book How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890. The book described poverty, disease, and crime in many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City.
XIII. The Suffrage Movement
A. The movement for women's voting rights was known as the suffrage movement. *Suffrage* is the right to vote. In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women's rights convention. Many progressives joined the suffrage movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s. B. After the Civil War, the Republicans in Congress introduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, which protected the voting rights of African Americans. The woman suffrage movement had wanted these amendments to apply to women as well. Republicans refused. C. The debate over the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments split the suffrage movement into two groups and weakened its effectiveness. By 1900 only Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado had granted voting rights to women.
African Americans
African Americans who fought in the Spanish- American War were organized into units or regiments that were segregated from whites. Almost half of the Cuban revolutionaries fighting with the Americans were black. The black Cuban soldiers were integrated in the rebel army. The sight of black Cuban soldiers fighting alongside whites as equals increased African Americans' feelings of injustice in the United States.
Hawaii
American business influence was vast in Hawaii Mostly pineapple and sugar were produced there and sent to the U.S. Pearl Harbor- only we can use it 1893- Annexation and the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalni
Roosevelt
At age 42, Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest person to ever become president. By that time, Roosevelt had already had several diverse careers. He had been a legislator in the state of New York. He had been a rancher in the Dakota Badlands where he helped capture outlaws. He had been the New York City police commissioner. He had been assistant secretary of the navy. He had helped lead the Rough Riders in the battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
IV. Building a Modern Navy
C. *Henry Cabot Lodge* and Albert J. Beveridge, two powerful senators, pushed for the construction of a new navy. By the late 1890s, the United States was on its way to becoming one of the top-ranked naval powers in the world D. In the spring of 1898, war began between Spain and the United States.
I. Building Imperialism
C. Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep the economy strong. Social Darwinists argued that as nations competed, only the strongest would survive. Americans used these ideas to justify expanding American power overseas. D. John Fiske, a historian and writer, wrote about *"Anglo-Saxonism,"* the idea that the English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government and were destined to dominate the planet. *Josiah Strong* linked missionary work to Anglo-Saxonism, convincing many Americans to support imperialism.
V. The Coming of War
C. At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans were neutral. But after reports in two newspapers, the New York Journal owned by *William Randolph Hearst* and the New York World owned by *Joseph Pulitzer*, Americans began to side with the rebels. The newspapers, trying to outdo each other, began to use *yellow journalism* by running exaggerated stories of Spanish attacks on Cubans. D. The Cuban rebels attacked and destroyed American property, hoping for American intervention in the war. E. The Spanish appointed General Valeriano Weyler to serve as governor. He caused the deaths of tens of thousands of Cuban villagers by sending them to re-concentration camps. This led Americans to call for intervention in the war.
II. Expansion in the Pacific
C. During an 1872 recession in Hawaii, the United States exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs. When the treaty later came up for renewal, the Senate insisted that Hawaii give the United States exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl Harbor. The trade treaty led to a boom in the Hawaiian sugar industry. D. The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies to sugar producers in the United States, causing the sale of Hawaiian sugar to decline. As a result, the Hawaiian economy also declined. E. In 1891 *Queen Liliuokalani* became the queen of Hawaii. She disliked the influence of American settlers in Hawaii. In 1893 a group of planters, supported by U.S. Marines, forced the queen to give up her power after she unsuccessfully tried to impose a new constitution that reasserted her authority as ruler of the Hawaiian people. The group of planters set up a temporary government and asked the United States to annex the islands.
XVII. Social Welfare Action and Conservation
C. President Theodore Roosevelt urged Americans to conserve natural resources. In 1902 Roosevelt supported the passage of the *Newlands Reclamation Act*, which authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects. D. Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot to head the United States Forest Service to carefully manage the timber resources in the West. Pinchot and his department created regulations controlling lumbering on federal lands. E. Roosevelt's actions during his presidency caused Americans to increasingly look to the federal government to solve the nation's economic and social problems. The executive branch of government greatly increased in power.
XVI. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
C. Roosevelt felt Northern Securities violated the Sherman Antitrust Act, and he ordered a lawsuit filed. In 1904 the Supreme Court ruled that Northern Securities had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. D. The *United Mine Workers* (UMW) union called a strike of the miners who dug coal. About 150,000 workers from the mines of eastern Pennsylvania demanded a pay increase, reduction in work hours, and recognition for their union. The strike went on for months, threatening a coal shortage. Roosevelt urged the union and owners to accept *arbitration*, a settlement imposed by an outside party. The union agreed, but the owners did not. Mine owners finally agreed after Roosevelt threatened to have the army run the mines.
XX. The Election of 1912
C. Roosevelt's *New Nationalism* was a complete line of reforms that favored legislation to protect women and children in the workforce and workers' compensation for those injured on the job. He also wanted a federal trade commission to regulate industry. D. Wilson's plan, the *New Freedom*, supported free enterprise and criticized Roosevelt for a program that Wilson felt supported monopolies. E. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote, giving Wilson the Electoral College win. It was the first time since 1892 that a Democrat had been president of the United States.
X. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean
C. The United States recognized Panama's independence, and the two nations signed a treaty to have the canal built. Construction of the 50-mile canal took ten years. It shortened the distance from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean by about 8,000 nautical miles. D. The 1904 *Roosevelt Corollary* to the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere. The corollary was first applied to the Dominican Republic when it fell behind in its debt payments to European nations. Latin American nations resented the growing American influence. E. The new president of the United States, William Howard Taft, continued Roosevelt's policies. He believed that if American business leaders supported Latin America and Asian development, everyone would benefit. His policy came to be called *dollar diplomacy*.
XIII. The Suffrage Movement
D. In 1890 the two groups united to form the *National American Woman Suffrage Association* (NAWSA). The head of the NAWSA's congressional committee, *Alice Paul*, a Quaker social worker, used protests to force President Wilson to take action on women suffrage. After the NAWSA became alarmed at Paul's activities, she left and started the National Woman's Party. This group picketed the White House and went on hunger strikes if arrested. E. In 1918 the House of Representatives passed a woman suffrage amendment. The amendment failed by two votes. In June 1919, the Senate finally passed the Nineteenth Amendment. On August 26, 1920, the states ratified the amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.
VI. A War on Two Fronts
D. In June 1898, American troops advanced toward Santiago Harbor in Cuba. One group attacked the village of El Caney, and another group attacked San Juan Heights. Among the American troops were the *"Rough Riders"* led by Colonel *Leonard Wood*, with *Theodore Roosevelt* as second in command. Both attacks were American victories. E. Along with the Rough Riders were the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments. About one-fourth of the American troops fighting in Cuba were African American. F. Spanish resistance ended with the surrender of Santiago. On August 12, 1898, Spain and the United States agreed to a cease-fire.
IX. American Diplomacy in Asia
D. President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay supported an *Open Door policy* in China. They believed all countries should be allowed to trade with China. Hay sent notes to countries with leaseholds in China asking to keep ports open to all nations. Hay expected all powers would abide by this plan. E. Secret Chinese societies were organized to end foreign control. Members of the Boxers started the *Boxer Rebellion* Group members invaded foreign embassies in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners and took others prisoner. An international force stopped the rebellion in August 1900.
XIV. Social Welfare Progressivism
D. Some progressives favored zoning laws and building codes to regulate how the land and buildings could be used. E. The *temperance* movement called for the moderation or elimination of alcohol. Many progressives believed alcohol was the cause of many of society's problems. In 1874 the *Women's Christian Temperance Union* (WCTU) was formed. At first the temperance movement worked to reduce alcohol consumption, but later it pushed for *prohibition*—laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol.
VII. An American Empire is Born
D. William Howard Taft, the first U.S. civilian governor of the Philippines, introduced reforms in education, transportation, and health care to try to win over the Filipino people. These reforms slowly lessened Filipino hostility toward American rule. By April 1902, all Filipino resistance stopped. In 1946 the United States granted independence to the Philippines. E. In 1900 Congress passed the *Foraker Act*, making Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory. Congress gradually allowed the people a degree of self-government. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States. In 1947 the island was allowed to elect its own governor. Today the debate on whether to grant Puerto Rico statehood, to become an independent country, or to continue as a Commonwealth and part of the United States still exists. F. After the war, the United States set up a military government in Cuba. Steps were taken to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the United States. The *Platt Amendment* specified that (1) Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that would weaken its power or allow another foreign power to gain territory in Cuba; (2) Cuba had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba; (3) Cuba's debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment; and (4) the United States would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order. Cuba reluctantly accepted the Amendment. It was repealed in 1934.
XVII. Taft Becomes President
D. With the approval of the *Payne-Aldrich Tariff*, which raised some tariffs instead of lowering them, Taft had further alienated progressives. Gifford Pinchot, along with other progressives, felt betrayed and angry with Taft. E. Taft's position with Republicans took a final turn for the worst with the hiring of *Richard Ballinger* as secretary of the interior. Gifford Pinchot charged that Ballinger had tried to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska to a private *syndicate*, or business group, for his own profit. The charges were groundless, but Pinchot leaked the story to the press. Taft fired Pinchot for *insubordination*, or disobedience. F. The progressives' feeling that Taft had "sold the Square Deal down the river" resulted in a 1910 Democratic victory, with Democrats taking the majority in the House and Democrats and Progressive Republicans gaining control of the Senate from the conservatives.
XVI. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
E. In 1903 Congress created the Department of Commerce and Labor. Within the department was the *Bureau of Corporations* that had the authority to investigate corporations and issue reports on their activities. F. In 1906 the *Hepburn Act* was intended to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the power to set railroad rates. Over time, railroads realized they could work with the ICC to set rates and regulations that limited competition and prevent new competitors from entering the industry.
African American
Early in his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt sparked a scandal when he invited the African-American educator Booker T. Washington to dine with him and his family; he was the first president ever to entertain a black man in the White House.
V. The Coming of War
F. The Spanish ambassador to the U.S., *Enrique Dupuy de Lôme,* wrote a private letter, describing President McKinley as weak and seeking admiration of Americans. The New York Journal printed the letter, causing Americans to become angry over the insult. G. In February 1898, the U.S.S. Maine, anchored in Havana, Cuba, exploded, killing 266 American officers and sailors. Although no one knows why the ship exploded, many Americans blamed Spain. H. President William McKinley did not want to intervene in the war, fearing it would cost the United States too many lives and hurt the economy. Within the president's own political party, *jingoism* was very strong. In 1898, after much pressure, McKinley authorized Congress to declare war on Spain.
IX. American Diplomacy in Asia
F. Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize in 1906 for his efforts in ending the war between Japan and Russia. G. After the peace treaty between Japan and Russia, relations between the United States and Japan worsened. Each nation wanted greater influence in Asia. They agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions, to uphold the Open Door policy, and to support China's independence. H. The *Great White Fleet*, 16 battleships of the new United States Navy, was sent around the world to show the country's military strength. Visiting Japan did not help the tension that already existed.
Hawaii
Hawaii is the only state that was once an independent monarchy. Polynesian monarchs ruled the country from about 1800 to 1894.
Panama Treaty
In 1977 the United States and Panama signed a treaty that gave Panama control of the Panama Canal from the United States on December 31, 1999. Another treaty gave the United States the right to defend the neutrality of the canal after 1999.
