Unit 4 classical and operant conditioning

Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Learn by association and events that are in order and that they occur together. Overtime we react to something that becomes more habitual because of the repeated exposure.

Applications of classical conditioning

-Drug users and addictions-directs counselors on how to help abusers. -Body's immune system- taste of drugs elect a repose from the immune system -Little Albert, conditioned him associate animals with loud noises and layer became fearful of animals -discussion of treatment and emotional disorders.

Biological effects on conditioning

Animals are biologically predisposed to learn associations between stimuli that can aid in survival. -Learning enable animals to adapt to their environment -Can lead to aversions and phobias

Reinforcer

Any event that strengthens a behavior it follows(can be tangible, praise, attention, or any activity) ex:candy, prize, money or encouraging words.

Why is Pavlov's work so important?

He was able to show us the process of how animals can be studied objectively -measurable and studied behavior.

Operant conditioning

Occurs when organisms associate their own actions with consequences. Mostly occurs when behaviors operate on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli.

Delayed vs Instant Gratification

Rats will not learn if reward is delayed As humans we mature and learn delayed gratification.

Cognition matters

Robert Rescola and Allan Wagner beloved that animals can learn the predictability of an event. The more predictable the association the stronger the conditioned response. If we now what is causing the response then it will take longer to learn, we won't associate the neutral stimulus with the response.

Learned helplessness

The helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events (ex: dig getting shocked in a cage and when the door opens they do not choose to get out)

Conditioning

The process of learning associations; classical or operant

insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known. not what has been taught but our own way of solving it. (ex: a math problem)

Operant chamber, Skinner box

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking (responses). Used in operant conditioning research

intrisic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake (love what we do)

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment (not interested)

Observatiinal leanring- Modeling

ability to observe and imitate others.

Higher order conditioning

adding a second conditioned stimulus. (light before the bell so that the dog learns the light means the bell which means the food= salivation.

positive reinforcement

adds a desirable stimulus in which stenthennsa behavior. (ex:answer correctly and you will be given candy or getting stickers after visiting the doctor)

Positive punishment

adds an aversive stimulus to weaken a behavior. (ex: spanking your child for misbehaving or giving community service because they got a DUI now they do not do that stuff.

Thorndikes law of effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Pavlov

believed in behaviorism and that psych should be measurable and observable. He founded classical conditioning which states that one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Albert Bandora (Bobo Doll Experiment)

children taken into a room and witness an adult beating up a bobo doll in frustration. this then allowed the kids to imitate this anger towards the bob diol and some of the recorded observations were quite dark. Especially mimicking [people who we believe are similar to us in a way and imitate them.

Punishment

decreases a frequency of a behavior that foollows.

Over justification effect

extrinsic can oversaw intrinsic. (ex: doing something the you love doing until you start to gain rewards. Overtime your passion of this thing starts to weaken and you lose the intrinsic motivation.

Prosocial Modeling(positive)

helpful, can make a difference encouraging force for social change

Generalization

once conditioned a similar stimulus can cause a similar response. (little Albert-afraid of all fuzzy creatures)

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning; elaborated on throndikes law of effect(regraded behavior occurs) Also known as the Skinner box

COGNITIVE EFFECTS ON OPERANT

rats who were exposed to the maze prior were way more significant in getting our and their time was fast as well. Versus a rat who had not been exposed to it.

Partical reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Half of a second rule

stimulus should happen close together. (ex: in Pavlov's experiment the neutral stimulus should happen within about half of a second of the unconditioned stimulus. ORDER MATTERS!!!

Negative reinforcement

takes away an aversive(unwanted) stimulus which then strengthens behavior (ex: postponing a quiz because all the kids did their hw or put in your seatbelt so the annoying sound will go away.)

John B. Watson

Believed that biological influence on human emotions and behavior is mainly conditioned and learned responses. (ex: little Albert)

Biological predispositions in operant learning

Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. (work with what nature endows us with)

Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between the CS and other irrelevant similar stimuli. (ding vs. bell)

Theory of mind

The allowance of feeling another pain (people with autism have reduced feelings called "broken mirrors"

cogntive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

TASTE AVERSIONS- JOHN GARCIA

all associations can be learned equally well. -Rats were given taste, sight and sound stimuli then hours later gave them radiation that caused sickness. -Rats developed aversions to the taste stimuli not sight or sound. (tase is important) -developed it after the few hours of radiation.

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. How animals discriminate between stimuli. Idea of how much did they learn.

Mirroring emotion

animals capable of observational learning have minor neurons in the frontal lobe. can even imitate empathy through mental stimulation and muscle movement. (why we cry when we see someone else cry)

unconditioned stimulus (US)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned (learned) response.

unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Variable ratio

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable (random) number of responses (ex:slot machine or collect 10 assignments)

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (ex: cheating emails, checking the weather outside, or collecting he)

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (ex:coffee punch cards)

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed(ex:checking the mail or getting paid every 2 weeks or a month)

acquisition

initial learning process of stimulus-response relationship.(started to learn the process)

Conditioned reinforcers

learned associations with primary reinforcers. with primary reinforcers. (ex: money, good grades- money gets you food, when you are hungry you eat)

Latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful. We learn unknowingly and we know more than we think we know.

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response, it is presented to provoke a response.

Negative punishment

taking away a desired stimulus to weaken a behavior(ex: license is revoked since they got a DUI. It then allows them to make better choices and learn from their mistake.

Argue against punsihment

teaches disrimination can teach fear behavior is suppressed, not forgotten Physical punishment may increase aggresiveness by modeling it as a way to cope.

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. (ex: no longer feeling uncomfortable)

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR)

Antisocial (negative)

understand aggressiveness within children from parents Observation of violence on tv reflections of correlations and not causations! Learned through imitation and desensitization of empathy.

Primary reinforcers

unlearned rewards that are innate pr satisfies a biological need (ex:getting food when hungry in order to stay alive and survive.)