Unit 5 History The peopling of the America's

African Salvery

Europeans didn't colonize Africa because they were too vulnerable to African diseases. -The African salve trade was immensely profitable. -About one third of the cargo of salves usually died on the trip to the Americas. -African suave traders normally grated salves for guns, gun powder, rum, Iron tools and cotton cloth.

Vasco Da Gama

In 1499 he became the first European captain to sail from Europe to India by sailing around Africa.

Ferdinand Magellan

In 1519 hPortuguese but sailing for Spain) circumnavigated the glove for the first time. -Made a horrible mistake by under estimating the width of the Pacific Ocean. Conflict: In the early 1500s Portugal and Spain were on the verge of war over their rights to territories in the Americas.

The Colombian Exchange

Atlantic tres routes became more important than Mediterranean ones. -The search for new trade routes the main cause of the Age of Exploration.

Rival countries

Attempted to break Italy's monopoly by finding alternative trade routes to the Far East.

The age of Exploration

Began in the late 1400s

The old and new world

Both received many important new crops. -Because Native Americans died so easily from old world diseases, Europeans bought more and more salves from Africa. -The need for cheap labor in the Americas was the main cause of the African slave trade. -Most Africans were enslaved by other Africans and then sold to Europeans. -The Spanish were the first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World.

Another important factor

Christianizing heathens

Really really important fact

Colombian Exchange: it is an ecological change. It is about living thins, people, animals, plants. It is not about trade or trade routes.

Monopoly

Complete control of a trade or industry

The treaty of the Tordesillas

Split the unknown new world into Portugués and Spanish territories.

Less plausible/Improbable Theories

The first people to inhabit the Americas were from: 1)Southeast Asia?? 2)Australia?? 3)Africa??

Clovis Culture

-Was named for an archaeological site near Clovis, New Mexico. -The Clovis culture is believed to have primarily hunted very large mammals. -Clovis points are spear heads.

Facts

-Western European nations became military, economically and politically world dominant over the next 400 years. -The desire for wealth was the most important motivation for exploration. -Italy had a monopoly on the Mediterranean spice trade.

Facts

-At least 90% of Native Americans were killed by old world diseases within 200 years of Colombia discovery of the Americas. -In the 59 years form 1492 to 1542 about half of Native Americas died from old world diseases. -Native Americans had acquired little or no resistance to old world diseases

Crops

-Crops, domesticated animals and technologies concerning their use easily spread from East to West. -Crops, domesticated animal and associated technologies do not easily spread from North to a South.

Political Controversy

-Did the Clovis culture cause the extinction of the megafauna by over hunting them? -Inferences and assumptions are made in dating stone artifacts. -Most experts agree that America was at one time settled from Asia by people who migrated across, or around, Beringia. -Genetic evidence indicates that all presently existing Native American groups are descendents of ancient Siberians. -Earlier migrations might have occurred, and might have originated from some other places.

Facts

-Geography and ecology greatly influence the development (and military power) of civilizations. -Human beings have no power to alter basic facts of geography and ecology in a beneficial way. -Most of the worst diseases(for human beings) are diseases that originally affected domesticated animals.

Facts

-Horses were the best form of land travel until 1800. -Steam locomotives (Railroad Engines) were the first significant improvement over horses as concerns land travel. -Tanks were the first significant improvement over horses as "Mobile battle plataforma". -The máximum extension of Eurasia is @8,000 miles east to West. -The maximum extension of the Americas is @8,000 miles north to south.

Facts

-It's estimated the 12 million Africans were enslaved and sold in 350 years. -The 1500s began over 400 of European economic, military, and political world domination. -No non-European countries founded any significant colonies in the New world

Domesticated Animals can provide:

-Meat (Without uniting). -Milk -Hides or wool -Manure -Muscle power -Military Power -Disease resistance

1) The Clovis Theory

-Members of the Clovis culture were the first human inhabitants of the Americas. -The Clovis culture people migrated into the Americas from Siberia by crossing the Bering Land Bridge. 14,000 BP

Facts

-No domesticated animals are native to Europe. -Europeans got most of their domesticated animals from the Fertile Crescent -Most farm animals originally came from the Fertile Crescent area. -Native Americans had extremely few domesticated animals.

3) The solutrean Hypothesis

-People crosses the Atlantic, from France to North America. This theory is based on: 1. a resemblance between atomic tools and the fact that most Clovis artifacts have been found on the east coast of the US.

2) The pacific Water Craft Migration Theory.

-People reaches the Americas by traveling the Pacific Ocean in boats. -We have very little evidence of naval technologies from Mesolithic times. -Humans very quickly migrated from North America to South America.

Controversies

-Stone artifacts cannot be directly dated by carbon 14 tests.

Facts

-The lack of domesticated animals that could be used as muscle power affected the development of Native American Technology. -Already existent technologies, and foreseeable applications of New Technologies, greatly affected the kinds of technologies innovations that are likely to be made.

Ice age

-The last ice age began 30,000 BP and ended 10,000 Bp. -During some parts of the ice age the bering land bridge permitted the migration of humans into North America.

Places at the same latitude have

1) Exactly The same day length 2) Similar climate 3) Similar vegetation

Facts about the age of exploration

Portugal began the Age of Exploration by exploring Africa. The Portuguese soon secured highly valuable African trade routes.

Supporters of this theory

Supporters of this theory claim that no solid evidence of pre-Clovis humans has been found in the Americas. -According to this theory, the Clovis people crossed Beringia from Siberia to Alaska. -An Ice free corridor that could support hunting and gathering critical to the Clovis first theory.

Important new naval technologies

The Caravel: an ocean going ship The astrolabe: a device for discovering north/south position, The (improved compass): allowed one to determine ones directions of level.

Colombian Exchange

The transfer of crops, animals, people and diseases between the New World and the Old world. -The Colombian exchange profoundly changed history -The spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas de-populated the Americas, which made them much easier to colonize.

Christopher Columbus

Was wrongly convinced that the world is much smaller than it really is. -Columbus made 4 voyages tot the Americas and died still mistakenly believing that he had sailed to Indonesia (or maybe Japan) 4 times