Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900) - AP World History

How was communication advanced in the second Industrial Revolution?

- alexander graham bell creates telephone in 1876 - thomas edison creates more refined voice transmitter making telephone use more practical in 1886 -gugliemo marconi invented the radio in 1901 which became a form of popular mass media after refinements

Pros of the Industrial Revolution?

-New job opportunities for low-skilled workers and high-skilled professionals -More goods are available and cheaper to more people

In what ways were women excluded from the Ottoman Empire's reforms?

-women were not declared equal -most new industrial jobs went to men -ended right of women to distribute their property or cash through trusts to family members -nonreligious courts ended women's right to have indirect control of their property -Tanzimat reforms did not mention women

Describe the Industrial Revolution's affect on urban areas. Include tenement, slum, standard of living, disease, fire, and crime.

-working families had to live in crowded, unsanitary and poorly constructed tenement apartment buildings often owned by factory owners -tenements were often located in slums - areas of cities where poor income families had to live and where industrial by-products like open sewers and polluted water went to -disease such as cholera spread spread quickly -fires, crime, and violence were common

Which countries quickly industrialized after Great Britain?

Belgium, France, Germany, United States, Russia and Japan

What is deism?

Deism is the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion.

Who was Empress Dowager Cixi?

Empress Dowager Cixi was a conservative aunt and adopted mother of Emperor Guangxu.

What is human capital?

Human capital is the workforce

What is zionism?

It was the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

What was Japan's view of industrialization?

Japan actively sought industrialization and other Western innovations in order to make it equal to Western countries.

What ultimately ended the French Revolution?

Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France in 1804.

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Otto von Bismarck favored realpolitik and used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification.

What pressures did countries face when deciding to industrialize?

Pressures between preservation of traditional values and modernization

How did the Agricultural Revolution (specifically the seed drill) result in increased food production?

The seed drill was a device that efficiently placed seeds in a designated spot in the ground. Increased crop output.

Describe the Ottoman "recapture" of Egypt.

The sultan sent an Ottoman army to retake Egypt. Muhammad Ali became a prominent leader in Egypt and was eventually able to do actions independent of the sultan and the Mamluks (former Turkish slaves who formed a military class, ruled Egypt for about 600 years).

Who was Gugliemo Marconi?

inventor of first radio in 1901

What are the means of production?

things like machines, factories, mines, and land owned by the bourgeoisie (since the bourgeoisie owned most of the means of production, they gained the most profits while proletariat earned just enough to survive)

What was the Meiji Restoration?

when the Japanese reformers overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor in 1868

What is a sole proprietorship?

A business owned by a single person.

what is limited liability?

Capital suppliers are not subject to losses greater than the amount of their investment.

Who were peninsulares?

Colonists born in Spain or Portugal, felt superior to everyone.

What is consumerism?

Consumerism is the desire of people to want to buy nonessential goods and have leisure.

Who was Lola Rodriguez de Tio?

Lola Rodriguez de Tio was a poet and became famous for her critiques of Spain's exploitative rule over Puerto Rico.

Why is 1750 - 1900 called the "Age of Isms"?

New ideas on how to improve society emerged such as socialism and liberalism. Conservatism of European ruling class opposed these ideas.

How did the Ottoman Empire attempt to create a more modern, unified state (Ottomanism)?

Ottomanism was a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state.

Why was Japan isolated from European contact from 1600-1854?

The government saw Europeans as a threat to their power.

What is transferability of shares?

Voting rights in the enterprise may be transferred easily from one investor to another.

how did the end of serfdom come about?

When the economy changed from agrarian to industrial in Europe, serfdom began to decline. By 1861 (the year all Russian serfs were freed), all serfdom had been abolished.

what is classical liberalism?

a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches. They pursued equal parliamentary representation in Britain.

what is conservatism?

a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as human perfectibility.

How did Britain's locations by seaways and rivers help it industrially?

allowed it to easily import raw materials and export finished goods

What was a reason for Russia having successful industrialization?

the Trans-Siberian Railroad allowed Russia to bring to exports and imports to/from countries in East Asia and allowed the growth of Russian coal, iron, and steel industries. However, the economy stayed mainly agricultural until after Communists seizing power in 1917

Cons of the Industrial Revolution?

-Air and water is polluted by industrial waste -Unequal relationship between workers and owners -Owners exploited overseas natural resources -Owners undercut early industrialization in Egypt, China, and India -Caused more colonization

How did the agricultural revolution and the enclosure movement result in increased urbanization?

-As more food was able to be grown by farmers, there was less of a need for them so people moved to the cities for jobs. -The enclosure movement was when the government fenced off the commons (public government property for agricultural purposes) in England to give exclusive use of it to people who bought land there or paid to use it. -With this movement, many farmers could not afford to live there or own land so they were forced to move from rural areas to urban areas such as Manchester and Liverpool to find work and make a living.

Compare and contrast the Philippines' path to revolution with that of the United States.

-Both countries used Enlightenment ideals in their revolutions and nationalism. -However, the Philippines were under their mainland country's rule for longer than the U.S. -Also, during the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines, magazines, pamphlets, etc. advocated for greater autonomy of the Philippines but did not call for revolution or independence whereas the U.S. Revolution did.

What were the outcomes of Mahmud II's reforms?

-Janissaries lost all power, many massacred when they revolted -military officers couldn't collect taxes directly from people for their salaries -taxes collected by government who paid military which ensured their loyalty

What things did Muhammad Ali do to reform Egypt?

-Join/lead military campaigns -Made Egyptian military to be like European militaries -Established schools -Educated military officers -Started first official newspaper in the Islamic world -Highly taxed peasants in order to gain their lands so government could control cotton production and make profits on cotton exports and other agricultural products -Secularized religious lands to make more agricultural products leading to more profits for the government -Pushed industrialization across Egypt through establishment or factories and markets

What reasons for discontent existed in Latin America prior to the revolutions?

-Many creoles who were wealthy landowners hated Spain's mercantilism because they could only buy and sell with Spain -Creoles wanted more political power because most important government jobs were given to peninsulares. -Mestizos wanted political power and some wealth of the colonies.

What were the results of Ottomanism?

-Officials wanted to minimize the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire -They took control of local schools and mandated a standard curriculum to do this -Ethnic and religious groups in the Ottoman empire had nationalist urges of their own and were suspicious of Ottomanism -Therefore, Ottomanism actually highlighted and intensified subject people's feelings of difference and promoted their desire for independence

What was the impact of the Enlightenment?

-People began to challenge the roles of monarchs and church leaders - beginning to spark ideas of revolution worldwide -Traditional religion did not disappear but it became less prevalent

Describe the results of the Creole Revolutions in Latin America.

-Some constitutions of newly independent countries legally ended some social distinctions and abolished slavery -Governments often conservative -Creoles continued to form a powerful and consrvative upper class -Most indigenous people were denied the right to vote b/c they couldn't read or write in Spanish -Women still could not vote, enter into contracts, submissive to men and had little education

Compare and contrast Turkey's (Ottoman Empire), China's, and Japan's paths to industrialization.

-Turkey made changes earliest -Sultan Abdulhamid was more supportive of reforms at first but then became more conservative -China began reforms later in the century -Cixi was more conservative at first but later became more liberal -Japan responded to industrialization with dramatic, rapid changes beginning with the Meiji Restoration in 1868, but speed and depth of reforms caused backlash from conservative members of society

What were the reforms instituted by the Meiji State?

-abolished feudalism in 1868 by the Charter Oath -established a constitutional monarchy based on Prussian model (emperor ruled through subordinate political leader) -established equality before the law and abolished cruel punishments -reorganized military based on Prussian army - built new navy and instituted conscription -created new school system expanding educational opportunities, particularly in technical fields -built railroads and roads -subsidized (supported financially) industrialization - especially in tea, silk, weaponry, shipbuilding, sake rice wine industries

Describe Mahmud II's reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

-abolished the corps of Janissaries -developed new artillery unit trained by Europeans -abolished the feudal system -built roads and set up a postal service -set up government directory of charities -created European style ministries

Describe the Communist Manifesto's critique of capitalism.

-capitalism was an advancement of feudalism because both brought great wealth at the cost of needless poverty and misery -capitalism divided society into two basic classes (proletariat and bourgeoisie) -means of production (and how they affected the two classes) -communism is the last step to end class distinction

Why was the Ottoman Empire nicknamed the "Sick Man of Europe"?

-had not adopted western technology or Enlightenment ideas -much corruption led to decline -ethnic nationalism of the diverse population led to widespread unrest

How did industrialization affect people's everyday lives?

-middle class emerged -urban poor mistreated -young children worked in factories -poor women spent less time at home b/c they had to get jobs (mainly in factories) -middle-class women felt limited by household roles -middle classes began to spend free time seeking entertainment in theaters, concert halls, and sports facilities

Where did the Enlightenment originate?

-originated from Scientific Revolution and humanism of the Renaissance -People of the Enlightenment believed natural laws governed social and political spheres, emphasized human accomplishments, believed applying reason to natural laws would result in progress, did not deny existence of God.

What oppositions to reform existed within the Ottoman Empire?

-sultans and the central government feared "seditious"(rebellion creating) reform which led them to tightly control the empire -sultan abdulhamid drove advocates for reform into exile, his government massacred hundreds of thousands of Armenians

Describe the Tanzimat reforms (took place from 1839-1876) that followed Mahumd II's reforms.

-sultans removed long standing and widespread corruption in central government -sultans created a secular system of primary and secondary schools and secular colleges- each one with a special purpose -sultans codified Ottoman laws and created new ones, commercial code and penal code, which allowed foreigners to do business more easily in the empire -Hatt-i Humayun (Ottoman Reform Edict): updated legal system, equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity, regulated the millets (separate legal courts established by different religious communities)

What issues existed within the Civil Service?

-the wealthy were using the civil servants to get favors -government revenue declined due to bribes being received by corrupt civil servants -non-qualified people were buying civil service posts

What was the Enlightenment?

-time during 17th and 18th centuries -empire expansion and trade routes led to increased interaction -increased interaction led intellectuals to communicate more, creating ideas emphasizing reason over tradition and individualism over community values -important ideas: individualism, freedom, self-determination

What changes to child labor occurred in the late 19th century?

1843 - law banned children under 10 from working in coal mines. 1881 - education became mandatory for British children between the ages of 5 and 10. -These changes permanently redefined the role of children in urban society

How was electricity production advanced in the second Industrial Revolution?

1882 - first public power station begins in London, 1890s - electrification leads to street lighting and electric street trains

What is Lloyd's of London?

A British insurance market that began in a coffee house where merchants and sailors came for reliable shipping news.

What is the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)?

A British owned transnational bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.

How did European involvement in Balkans decrease the power of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

A British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed an Ottoman fleet in 1827 and helped assure Greek independence.

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?

A Chinese movement in the late 19th century that developed as a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting China.

What is a transnational company?

A company operating across national boundaries that emerged in the 19th century.

What is a corporation?

A corporation is a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders (individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through the stock market).

What is a white-collar worker?

A literate, middle class person who holds an office position.

What is a monopoly?

A monopoly is the control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.

What was the second Industrial Revolution?

A period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in which chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics led to electrification lighting towns and telephone and radio allowing people to communicate instantaneously.

What was the Transcontinental Railroad?

A railroad connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, completed in 1869, facilitated U.S. industrial growth.

What is a partnership?

A small group of people who make all business decisions.

What is Unilever?

A transnational British and Dutch company that focused on household goods -most famously soap, had large palm oil plantations.

Who was Friedrich Engels?

A wealthy supporter of Karl Marx who helped Marx publish a pamphlet called the Communist Manifesto.

Describe the "cult of domesticity".

Advertising and consumer culture encouraged women to buy products to make the home comfortable for their husbands, well take care of the home and children, behave politely, be pious, submissive, pure, and domestic. For working class women this was even harder because they had to do this and work full time.

Describe the New Zealand Wars and how they led to the growth of Maori people.

After the British came to colonize New Zealand and succeeded, they began to have increasing control over Maori affairs and Maori land. This led to a series of wars between the Maori and the British (The New Zealand Wars) in which the British won in 1872. However, the Maori grew because through fighting together, they developed a strong sense of Maori nationalism.

What impact does increased trade have on consumer goods?

As trade increases, consumer goods become more available, affordable and have more variety.

What leisure activities developed during the industrial period?

Biking and boating.

Compare and contrast the French and Haitian Revolutions.

Both grew out of the Enlightenment beliefs that men had natural rights as citizens and that legal restraints were limiting the freedom of people by forcing them into various social classes. But with the Haitian Revolution the restraints were more severe because the rebellion was led by slaves who had no rights at all.

How did Britain's excess capital help it industrially?

British capitalists had excess capital (money available to invest in businesses) which allowed private entrepreneurs to create new commercial ventures.

Why did manufacturing of ships decline in India and Southeast Asia?

British officials in India mismanaged resources and ineffectively led British colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Then, ships from the British East India Company were used for the Indian Navy.

Why did textile production decline in India and Egypt?

British textile mills were being undermined by Indian textile factories so they asked the British government for a "equalizing" tax on the Indian factories which undermined the Indian factories. The same thing happened to Egypt and caused them to lose much of their export market in textiles and domestic market too.

what is capitalism?

Capitalism is an economic system in which means of production such as factories and natural resources are privately owned and operated for profit.

Who were the caudillos and how did they impact the new Latin American governments?

Caudillos were strong local leaders with regional power bases. They intervened in national politics to make or break governments. They sometimes defended interests of regional elites and sometimes of indigenous population and the peasants. They generally disregarded representative forms of government and the rule of law.

How did Cavour lead the path to Italy's unification?

Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini (who agitated for Risorgimento - Italian resurgence) and allied with the Red Shirts military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

What did Count di Cavour believe in?

Cavour believed in natural rights, progress, constitutional monarchy, and realpolitik - the practical politics of reality.

Who was Cecil Rhodes? What project did he endorse? What caused the project to fail?

Cecil Rhodes was a British investor and founder of De Beers Diamonds. He wanted to endorse a project to build a railroad from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. The project failed because Britain never gained control over all the land needed to build the railroad.

How did industrialization impact children?

Children were forced to work in dangerous conditions in coal mines and factories. The dust in factories damaged their lungs just as much as adults. In coal mines, they had to work in terrible heat and carry heavy loads, coal dust was more unhealthy to breathe than factory dust, and mine collapses and floods were a constant threat to life.

Who was Commodore Matthew Perry and how did he open trade with Japan?

Commodore Matthew Perry was a U.S. naval leader who opened trade with Japan by asking for trade privileges and then using U.S. warships to force Japan to trade with them.

What is company rule?

Company rule is when the British East India Company took control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 - 1858.

How did consumerism impact production?

Consumerism caused producers to heavily advertise goods in order to help make sure there was enough consumption to keep up with production.

Who was Count di Cavour?

Count di Cavour was the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and led the drive to unite the entire Italian peninsula under the House of Savoy (the only native dynasty).

How did the Agricultural Revolution (specifically crop rotation) result in increased food production?

Crop rotation is when farmers rotate different crops in and out of a field each year. Increased crop output.

Describe factory working conditions in the 19th century.

Dangerous machinery, bad smells, loud noises, unhealthy/unsanitary conditions, long hours, low pay, job insecurity.

What is division of labor and how did it lead to specialization of labor?

Division of labor is that factory owners did not need to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product. This caused specialization of labor - where each worker could focus on one type of task.

Who was Emperor Guangxu?

Emperor Guangxu was a Chinese emperor who was convinced by civil servant Kang Youwei to support the Hundred Days of Reform

What is empiricism?

Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from what you observe through experience, including experiments. Also, not relying on reasoning about principles from tradition or religion.

How did the European Enlightenment movement inspire the American Revolution?

European Enlightenment philosophy ideals inspired the American Revolution: individualism, freedom, and self-determination.

How did factory life lead to increased interest in material goods and leisure entertainment such as parks and music halls?

Factory life was a bleak environment and workers used material goods and leisure as an important escape. Parks and music halls were made to have social classes mingle with one another in order to encourage lower class people to behave like upper class people.

How did the Agricultural Revolution (specifically foreign foods) result in increased food production?

Foods from the New World (such as potatoes) added more calories to people's diets.

Describe China's relationships with foreign governments.

Foreign governments wanted to help China advance and so American and European advisors helped China to modernize. China accepted territorial protection from Western powers against Japan in return for them giving the Western powers trade concessions. China resisted encroachment on their territory from external enemies and became a republic.

What economic issues in France help inspire the French Revolution?

France was spending more than it made, partly through financing wars. One of these wars was the American Revolution.

Why was Germany industrialization delayed?

Germany was politically fragmented into small states. Once it became unified in 1871 it became a leading producer of steel and coal.

What was Gran Columbia?

Gran Columbia was the large area of land that Simon Bolivar acquired from successful fights with the Spanish in Latin America which he wanted to become a federation like the U.S. with Enlightenment ideals.

What was Haiti? Explain how the Haitian Revolution began as a slave revolt.

Haiti was a rich French sugar and coffee colony. The Haitian Revolution began as a slave revolt when slaves revolted against their white masters, killing them and burning their houses. The revolt was joined by escaped slaves called the Maroons.

How did Adam Smith's economic beliefs lead to the development of a new economic system?

He believed that if businesses and consumers could make their own decisions, they would make choices beneficial to society in the market.

what did Henri de Saint-Simon believe?

He believed that scientists and engineers could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work with the help of businesses to produce useful things for society. He supported public works projects that would provide employment and proposed building the Suez Canal which was built.

What did Charles Fourier do?

He created 810 ideas to make work more enjoyable and workers less tired. He believed that a utopia required harmonious living in communities, not a class struggle.

Why did Marx dislike utopian socialists?

He disliked utopian socialists because he believed they wanted to escape problems rather than face them.

what did Robert Owen do?

He established intentional communities (small societies governed by principles of utopian socialism) in New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana. He believed children who worked should receive an education, communal ownership of property, community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.

How did Otto von Bismarck unite Germany?

He manipulated Austria into fighting the war in 1864 - Prussia against Denmark and the Seven Weeks' War of 1866 - Prussia and Austria. Bismarck won both wars then manipulated France into declaring war with Prussia - a war called the Franco-Prussian War (1870) which he won. With the territory he gained from these three wars, Bismarck created the new German Empire.

Who was Adam Smith?

He supported freer trade though he supported some regulations and taxation.

Who was Karl Marx?

He was a German scholar and writer who argued for socialism and wanted to look at how the world actually operated - he called it "scientific socialism".

Who was James Watt? Describe his steam engine.

He was the inventor of the steam engine in 1765. His steam engine provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam which could generate energy for machinery in textile factories.

What 20th century concept is a continuation of specialization of labor?

Henry Ford's assembly line is an expansion of these concepts.

Contrast John Locke's version of the social contract with Thomas Hobbes's version of the social contract.

Hobbes believed a social contract provided people with law and order in return for giving up some of their rights to a strong central government. Locke believed a social contract gave people and right and responsibility to revolt against an unjust government and that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.

Why did the Japanese overthrow the shogun and restore power to the emperor? What is that event called?

In the Meiji Restoration, Japanese reformers overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor in 1868 in order to protect their traditional culture and their country from Western countries through adopting Western technology and methods in order to be equal with Western countries.

What is the status of nationalism in the modern world?

In the modern world, nationalism continues to shape how people view themselves and their political allegiances, but nationalism may be starting to decline. Today, countries seem to be shifting away from nationalism toward a larger political grouping.

Why did industrial working conditions lead to calls for labor reform and economic/political change?

Industrial working conditions were harsh and inhumane.

How did power shift between industrialists, corporation owners, and the landed aristocracy?

Industrialists and owners of large corporations soon had more power and leadership than the landed aristocracy.

What is industrialization?

Industrialization is the increased mechanization of production and the social changes that accompanied this shift.

What are interchangeable parts? Who invented the system?

Interchangeable parts are parts within a machine that can be easily replaced by new, identical parts if broken. This was invented by Eli Whitney for U.S. military firearms.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

It began in Great Britain.

what is abolitionism?

It was the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gaining followers in the 18th century. By 1888, all slavery had been abolished in the Americas.

Why did China struggle to industrialize?

Its' central government was too weak to promote industrialization effectively due to the Opium War and being split into "spheres of influence" during the 19th century.

How did Japan end the samurai tradition?

Japan gave the samurai one last payment and legally dissolved their position. Samurai could not be fighting men or carry swords and the bushido (samurai code of conduct) was no longer officially condoned by the government.

Who was Jean-Jacques Dessalines? What is his role in the Haitian Revolution?

Jean-Jacques Dessalines was the successor to L'Ouverture and orchestrated a Haitian declaration of permanent independence.

Who was John Stuart Mill? Describe his philosophy of utilitarianism.

John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher who fought for labor reforms. Utilitarianism wanted to seek "the greatest good for the greatest number of people." Utilitarians wanted to address problems with capitalism, not replace it and viewed themselves as moderate, rational advocates of gradual reform.

What are labor unions? Why did they initially begin as secret organizations?

Labor unions are organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract.

What is laissez-faire?

Laissez-faire is a French phrase for "leave alone." The idea is that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.

What economic theory replaced mercantilism? How did they differ?

Laissez-faire replaced mercantilism. Mercantilism was a system of economic protectionism and laissez-faire was a policy that promoted minimal government involvement in commerce and encouraged countries to reduce tariffs on trade.

Who was Mahmud II?

Mahmud II was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808-1839.

What are the benefits of mass production?

Makes goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than ever before.

what is mercantilism?

Mercantilism is an economic system in which a country tries to have more exports than imports in order to have the most amount of gold/silver stored.

Why did banking and insurance industries develop?

Merchants and entrepreneurs wanted a reliable place to deposit money and to borrow it when needed to build a factory or hire workers for a new enterprise.

How did industrialization impact middle class women?

Middle class women did not have to work in the factories, had status if they were housewives.

Who was Baron Montesquieu? Describe his philosophical beliefs.

Montesquieu supported the British government's checks and balances through Parliament. Through supporting these views, Montesquieu influenced the American government's separation of powers with the three branches.

Who was Muhammad Ali? Describe his rule in Egypt and his efforts to industrialize Egypt.

Muhammad Ali was an Albanian Ottoman officer who was slected by local leaders in Egypt to be governor of Egypt. At first, he had to obey the sultan and other leaders but was eventually able to act somewhat independently of them.

What is nationalism?

Nationalism is a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture.

Compare farm work and factory work in terms of schedules and family proximity.

On farms, children and parents were close together most of the time working, while in industrial areas children and parents were often separated as they had to leave for long hours to find work. On farms, people did work at their own pace and to their own needs. In factories, people worked terribly long hours and were told what they had to do and when they had to do it.

How was nationalism a unifying force in Europe and elsewhere?

People of the same culture, language, country, etc. bonded over what they shared in common and became unified under one government, under their country.

How did dissatisfaction with the initial results of the French Revolution lead to the Reign of Terror?

People opposing the revolution (such as radicals like the Jacobins) were angry that limited monarchy would not be accepted anymore. The new French government then executed anyone who opposed the revolution in the Reign of Terror.

How did nationalism change government in the period of 1750 - 1900 CE?

People wanted independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation. This led to revolutions against governments from nation-states that wanted to be independent.

Who were creoles?

People with European ancestry born in the Americas, considered themselves superior to mestizos.

Who were mestizos?

People with European and Indian parents.

What impact did private investment have on Japan's industrialization?

Private investment encouraged business growth and innovation in technology.

What is realpolitik?

Realpolitik is the practical politics of reality.

How did the Japanese government finance the reforms?

Reforms were financed through a high agricultural tax.

Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau? Describe his philosophical beliefs.

Rousseau expanded on the ideas of social contract and presented the concept of the General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will. He believed that society could improve.

what did Mary Wollstonecraft do?

She argued for equal education among women and men so that women could participate in political and professional society in order to be able to support themselves instead of relying on men. She wanted all women to have equal rights and abilities to men.

How did Lola Rodriguez de Tio influence rebellion in Puerto Rico and Cuba?

She held meetings at her home of political thinkers and revolutionaries in which she read lyrics to a revolutionary song "La Boriquena" that encouraged Puerto Ricans to "Awake from your sleep, for it's time to fight!"

Why did Empress Dowager Cixi overthrow Emperor Guangxu and end his reforms?

She overthrew him and ended his reforms because she feared the influence of foreigners and wanted to protect traditional social and governmental systems.

Who was Simón Bolívar?

Simón Bolívar was a creole who pushed for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America and became instrumental in the independence of areas of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

How did the industrialized world of the 1800s differ from Adam Smith's world when he wrote Wealth of Nations?

Smith's world was made of individual entrepreneurs and small businesses, the industrialized world of the 1800s included large scale transnational businesses.

what is socialism?

Socialism is an economic and political theory that includes a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as mills and land. Utopian socialists believed that society could be set in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.

How did the samurai react to the end of their tradition?

Some samurai adjusted and became genros (elder statesmen) and served the government. Other samurai resisted these changes and wanted to preserve their traditional ways and relative autonomy from the centralized government, but eventually were defeated and forced to modernize.

What was the spinning jenny and how did it contribute to industrialization?

Spinning jenny (invented by James Hargreaves, allowed spinners to weave more than one thread at a time), decreased the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth

Why did mining and iron production decline in India?

Steep British tariffs led to the decline of India's ability to mine and work metals and the British closed the mines for fear of ammunition production

What is the "Jamaica Letter"?

The "Jamaica Letter" was a writing by Simon Bolivar which stated, "Generous souls always interest themselves in the fate of a people who strive to recover the rights to which the Creator and Nature have entitled them, and one must be wedded to error and passion not to harbor this noble sentiment."

Why is the storming of the Bastille the symbolic start of the French Revolution?

The Bastille represented the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy, and a group in Paris stormed it in protest to say that the leaders of France could no longer control them/not allow there to be a National Assembly.

What is the Bessemer process and how did it lead to a monopoly?

The Bessemer process is a more efficient way to produce steel. Alfred Krupp of Essen, Germany used this Bessemer process to run a huge company which allowed him to gain a monopoly in the German steel industry.

What events lead to the Industrial Revolution?

The Columbian Exchange, rise of maritime trading empires, increased agricultural productivity and greater individual accumulation of capital.

What ideals are expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and what is their connection to the Enlightenment?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man declared basic human rights. This statement reflects the individualism of the Enlightenment.

How did Greek nationalism and independence decrease the power of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

The Greeks began to adopt the Enlightenment principles of the West and began to revolt against the Ottoman Empire which caused a civil war and had some success.

What were the Hundred Days of Reform?

The Hundred Days of Reform included abolishing the civil service exam, elimination of corruption, establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.

What is the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was a dramatic change in society and economies from 1750 to 1900.

Who were the Philosophes and what was their impact on the 18th century?

The Philosophes were a new group of thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways. They popularized concepts that they believed followed rationally upon 17th century scientific thinkers. Some of them were Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Adam Smith.

What is the Trans-Siberian Railroad?

The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the Russian railroad system stretching from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean that allowed Russia to easily trade with East Asia.

What environmental issues developed because of the Industrial Revolution?

The burning of fossil fuels caused toxic air pollution, smog (smoke and fog) led to deadly respiratory problems, water became polluted when industries dumped waste into waterways - people got diseases like cholera and typhoid.

What is juridical personality?

The corporation itself acts as a "person" and may therefore sue and be sued, may make contracts, and may hold property.

What is cottage industry?

The cottage industry (a.k.a the putting-out system) was a system in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who would spin it into finished cloth in their own homes in exchange for a small salary. This came to be with the rise of the British cotton industry.

Why and how does industrialization first begin in the textile industry?

The factory system arose when these inventions (spinning jenny and water frame) made textile production much faster/more efficient which led to mechanization of the textile industry which led to the creation of factories b/c water frame machines couldn't really fit in houses.

What is indefinite duration?

The life of the corporation may extend beyond the participation of any of its incorporators.

Who were the working class?

The people at the bottom of the social hierarchy who labored in factories and coal mines.

Who were the middle class?

The people at the middle class of the social hierarchy consisting of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals.

How did immigration hurt the new Italian nation?

The poverty in Italy caused many people to emigrate to the U.S. and Argentina, places where immigration was specifically encouraged.

How did the steam engine alter water transportation?

The steam engine allowed steamships to be created which allowed boats to not have to rely on wind or man/animal power to move along rivers and seas - steamships could travel more independently.

How did railroads and the telegraph advance industrial growth?

These inventions made exploration, development, and communication possible through being able to transmit supplies/messages over long distances in shorter periods of time.

What are coaling stations?

They are points on trade routes that were important refueling stations for steamships.

What did Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady do?

They believed all men and women were equal and demanded that women deserved right to vote, hold office, hold property and manage their own incomes and be legal guardians of their children.

Why did companies encourage workers to participate in athletics?

They believed sports rewarded virtues such as self-discipline and playing by the rules.

What are the benefits of being a stockholder in a corporation?

They can only lose the money they invested in the corporation (not responsible for its debts)

How did the development of unions impact worker pay, worker schedules, and voting?

They led to minimum wage laws, limits on the number of hours worked, established overtime pay, and established a five day work week. They also expanded the right to vote for more men by reducing property ownership qualifications as a requirement for voting which allowed cities to be better represented.

How did the steam engine and the internal combustion engine benefit the world?

They powered railroads, ships, and factories which increased access to resources and increased the distribution of goods those resources helped produce.

What was a reason for Japan having successful industrialization?

They used strategies from the United States and Europe to protect its traditional culture and build up its military and economic strength so it could maintain its own domestic traditions

How did conservatives view revolution?

They viewed revolution as bloody, disruptive, and unlikely to yield results.

Why did industrialized nations establish colonies?

They wanted to protect their access to resources and markets.

Why were Europeans nations interested in trading with Japan?

They wanted to sell goods to Japan and wanted to be able to refuel steam ships in Japan due to trade w/ China and other parts of East Asia.

How did China hope to benefit from the Self-Strengthening Movement?

They wanted to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by advancing its military technology and readiness and by training Chinese artisans in the manufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals.

What caused the Revolutions of 1848?

They were caused by nationalism (particularly a desire for independence) and liberalism (a desire for representation under constitutions that recognized civil liberties).

What does the phrase liberté, égalité, et fraternité embody?

This phrase, meaning "liberty, equality, and fraternity" represent the revolutionary ideals of the French which many people believed as radical and were popularized in Europe through the writings of the philosophes.

What ideals are expressed in the Declaration of Independence and what is their connection to the Enlightenment?

Thomas Jefferson used John Locke's idea of the rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.

Who was Thomas Paine? Describe his philosophical beliefs.

Thomas Paine defended Deism and advocated American freedom from Britain, but his popularity decreased when he wrote anti-church writings.

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture? What is his role in the Haitian Revolution?

Toussaint L'Ouverture was a former slave who became a military general and led the Haitian Revolution. After the revolution he set up a constitution and declared himself governor of Haiti.

Who was Voltaire? Describe his philosophical beliefs.

Voltaire, after being exiled from France for three years, began to support the English constitutional monarchy and regard for civil rights. He then went back to France and campaigned for religious freedom and judicial reform. His idea of religious liberty influenced the U.S. Constitution.

How did industrialization lead to feminism?

When men left to go to work, women were given the opportunity to engage in political activities among other things.

What demographic changes enabled more workers for factories and more consumers for products?

With more food available and better medical care, populations grew which allowed for more factory workers and more consumers.

How did industrialization impact working class women?

Working class women had to work in coal mines and were primary laborers in textile factories, they were paid half the salaries that men received for the same job.

What were the zaibatsu?

Zaibatsu were the powerful Japanese family business organizations like in the U.S.

what was the Dreyfus Affair?

a scandal in France where Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer, was convicted of treason against the French government but it was a false claim - the documents were fake, made by anti-semitists. After time in prison, Dreyfus was pardoned, but it showed how widespread anti-semitism was in France, a country where Jews seemed least oppressed. This scandal increased support for Zionism.

what is feminism?

beliefs that supported women's rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.

How was iron production advanced in the second Industrial Revolution?

coal and coke (refined form of coal) allowed more iron to be produced, cast iron (stronger, less malleable) and wrought iron (weaker, more malleable) were produced

What was a reason for the United States having successful industrialization?

human capital (the workforce) allowed it to be very successful in industrialization through the large amount of immigrants coming into the country who worked in the factories

Who was Alexander Graham Bell?

inventor of the first telephone in 1876

until when did the zionist movement grow?

it continued to grow until 1948 when Israel was founded

Why was French industrialization delayed?

it had sparsely populated urban centers which limited the amount of labor available for factories. Also, the French Revolution (1789 - 1799) and other wars involving France were the main attention and capital of France's elites.

what did Theodor Herzl do?

led the movement of Jews to control their own land

What are the four features of a corporation?

limited liability, transferability of shares, juridical personality, indefinite duration

what are some ways that capitalism and mercantilism differ?

mercantilism was more of a grouped economic system rather than the more individualized capitalism because the government monitored almost all imports and exports.

How was oil production advanced in the second Industrial Revolution?

mid 1800s - first commercial oil wells dug - discovering petroleum (a fossil fuel) , 1847 - inventors are able to extract kerosene from petroleum w/ chemical techniques- kerosene is an energy source used for lighting and heaters, chemical techniques led to precision machinery and internal combustion engine which led to automobile and airplane technologies, gasoline as fuel became more important product from petroleum than kerosene

What is the bourgeoisie?

middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods

How did Britain's raw materials and slaves they received help it industrially?

raw materials like timber and slaves from its colonies which made it wealthy.

How was steel production advanced in the second Industrial Revolution?

the Bessemer Process was invented (air is blasted on molten metal, iron and carbon, to remove impurities and keep metal from solidifying, made steel) which made steel, steel became the strong and versatile backbone of industrial society

How did Britain's private property protection guarantee help it industrially?

the legal guarantee called protection of private property that entrepreneur's businesses could not be taken away by other business people or the government increased the amount of entrepreneurs b/c they felt safer in building businesses knowing they could keep them.

What is the proletariat?

the working class, working in factories and mines, often for a small salary

Who were mulattos?

People of African and European or Indigenous ancestry, were at the bottom of the social classes.

What is tabula rasa?

Tabula rasa means "blank slate." John Locke proposed that at birth, a child's mind is like a tabula rasa waiting to be filled with knowledge.

what is anti-semitism?

hostility toward Jews

what did deists believe?

they believed that these laws would be best understood through scientific inquiry than the Bible, but believed that regular church attendance was important.

How did Britain's immense coal deposits help it industrially?

they could export or keep to power steam engines and separate iron from its ore

What was the water frame and how did it contribute to industrialization?

water frame (invented by Richard Arkwright, used waterpower to power the spinning wheel) decreased the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth.