United States History- Final (Reconstruction to Present)

Army General John "Black Jack" Pershing used all of the following technologies in his attempt to capture Pancho Villa EXCEPT

Destroyers

What was the result of the King-Crane Commission?

Discovery that most of the inhabitants of the Middle East favored an independent state free of European control

How did southern reformers seek to combat corruption?

Disenfranchising black voters

What was the primary purpose of the failed Equal Rights Amendment?

Eliminate all legal distinctions based on sex

A group of World War I veterans who petitioned the government to make an early payment on bonuses scheduled to be released in 1945

Farmers plowed up natural ground cover to grow more crops, cover that had taken ages to form in the relatively dry sates of the Plains

Which of the following goal of freedpeople was the least successful?

Gaining access to land

Who first advocated the policy of containment?

George Kennan

Why did Hitler stop the Blitz in June 1941?

Germany needed the resources of the Luftwaffe to invade the Soviet Union

What economic opportunity drew the most migrants to the West?

Gold mining

How was the transcontinental railroad funded?

Grants and bonds from the federal government

The Triple Entente united what three nations

Great Britain France Russia

What did Lyndon Johnson call his domestic program?

Great Society

All of the following statements regarding the Guano Islands Act of 1856 are true

Guano was a popular fertilizer that was integral to industrial farming, these acquisitions were the first insular, unincorporated territories of the United States, and this legislation authorized and encouraged Americans to venture into the seas and claim islands with guano deposits for the United States

Which of the following events most seriously damaged the Knights of Labor?

Haymarket Affair

Why did the Ku Klux Klan attack Allen Huggins?

He was a white sheriff and tax collector who supported freedpeople's civil rights

Why was Douglas MacArthur removed from command?

He was publicly insubordinate to the Commander in Chief

What was the primary guiding principle of Carter's foreign policy during his early years in office?

Human rights

________________, wrote an influential book, Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases and helped inspire the anti-lynching movement.

Ida B. Wells

Why were southerners unable to maintain unity in the People's Party?

Ideological conflict between leaders of the party

What was the most significant change in the American economy as a result of the Civil War?

Increased presence of the federal government in the economy

Which of the following enabled the rising purchase of consumer goods?

Increased production that lowered prices Use of installment plans Mass-distribution of credit cards

How did railroads transform the American economy?

Increased the role of government in the economy, created a new white collar middle class of managers, and inspired the development of organized labor to meet the needs of a permanent working class

What disease proved most deadly during and in the immediate aftermath of World War I?

Influenza

What was the consequence of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?

International trade collapsed

Britain and France declared war on Germany after which invasion?

Invasion of Poland

Which of the following definitions best describes the work of muckrakers?

Investigative journalist

Which ethnic group was most numerous among the Catholic bishops in the United States?

Irish

Why did women's rights leaders oppose the Fourteenth Amendment?

It introduced the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time

Which of the following writers most effectively used photography in their work?

Jacob Riis

The Depression of 1873 began when a prominent business declared bankruptcy. What was the name of that company?

Jay Cooke and Company

Which of the following environmental thinkers advocated preservation rather than conservation?

John Muir

Which of the following advantages did the Soviet Union achieve during the Cold War?

Launched the first orbiting satellite, create the first intercontinental ballistic missile, and sending the first human into orbit

All of the following statements regarding the National Women's Party are true

Led by Alice Paul, picketed the White House, and over 150 members were arrested and imprisoned

How did progressive Democrats in the South seek to solve the problems of racial strife?

Legislating segregation

Congressional opposition from which faction plagued Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration?

Liberal Democrats and Conservative Republicans

What tactics were used to disenfranchise black voters?

Literacy tests ,violence and intimidation, and poll taxes

What is the name of the University of Chicago economist who helped to develop the intellectual position of libertarian economics?

Milton Friedman

How did American liberals change their views of poverty during the 1960s?

More and more saw poverty from the failure of individuals to take full advantage of the American system

Which of the following statements regarding immigration during the Great Depression is true?

More people left the United States than entered it during the Great Depression

What of the following were causes of the economic downturn gripping the country when Carter took office?

Oil shocks, stagnant growth, and sinking wages

How did the United States respond to the Bolshevik Revolution?

Opposed the Revolution and sent American troops, who remained in Russia until 1920

How did the Federal Reserve respond to the financial collapse?

Overcorrected by raising interest rates and tightening credit

What was the result of Brown v. Board of Education?

Overturned the legal logic of Plessy v. Ferguson Ruled against segregated public schools Extended the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment

What was the term for the African American ladies memorial association that arranged the mourning for Union soldiers buried in Charleston?

Patriotic Association

Who was the leader of the movement to stop the Equal Rights Amendment?

Phylis Schlafly

How did the United States respond to the Boxer Rebellion in China?

President McKinley sent the U.S. Army into China without consulting congress

What was a consequence of "McCarthyism"?

President Trumans Executive Order 9835, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, and House Un-American Activities Committee

The Compromise of 1877 did which of the following?

Promised the removal of federal troops from the South

What were the consequences of the U.S-Mexican War?

Provided a training ground for future Civil War commanders, added American territory, and elevated Zachary Taylor to the presidency

What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution?

Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consent

What was the most common labor pattern in postbellum cotton agriculture?

Sharecropping

Which group founded the People's Party (also known as the Populists)?

Small farmers in the South, Midwest, and Great Plains

What was the "cult of true womanhood?"

Social standards that emphasized piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness

Which group of Americans benefitted the least from the economic changes of the 1920s?

Southern Farmers

Which Allied nation was the first to reach Berlin?

Soviet Union

Which of the following best characterized German military tactics

Speed and maneuverability

Which of the following most accurately describes the arguments of Social Darwinism?

State welfare and private charity would lead to degeneration by perpetuating the survival of the weak

By 1900, the richest ten percent controlled perhaps _______ percent of the nation's wealth.

90%

What was the top tax rate during World War II?

94%

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A German offer to help Mexico recover land lost in the Mexican-American War if Mexico would side with Germany in WWI

What was the message of NSC-68?

A call for a tripling of the annual defense budget for the purpose of stopping communism

What was the most important aspect of the southern economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Agriculture

Roosevelt tried to create relief for American farmers through the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). What did the AAA do?

Aimed to raise the prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to voluntarily limit farm production, thereby increasing prices

Why was Emmett Till murdered?

Allegedly whistling at a white woman

The Stonewall incident that catalyzed the gay rights movement occurred when __________

Bar patrons in New York City protested a police raid

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 focused accomplished which outcomes

Barred segregation in public accommodations and Outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, and national or religious origin

What was the name of the 1950s counterculture that rejected the values of conformity and domesticity?

Beats

When did Reconstruction begin?

Before the Civil War even ended

When was the Atlantic Charter issued?

Before the United States entered World War II

Where did Germany first invade during WWI?

Belgium

Which city served as the most important railroad hub, connecting the East and the West?

Chicago

Which ethnic group faces the most rigid immigration restrictions?

Chinese

How did federal housing programs discriminate against Americans of color?

Claiming that Americans of color were at a greater risk of defaulting on FHA loans, creating self-fulfilling prophecies that racially integrated neighborhoods would have depreciating home values, and redlining neighborhoods that included Americans of color

The cornerstone of Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty was which program?

Community Action

How did President Lincoln respond to the Sioux Uprising?

Commuted all but 38 of the sentences of captured Indians in order to maintain peace

What happened at My Lai?

U.S. troops massacred hundreds of civilians

A wave of mergers peaked between 1897 and 1904. The largest of these mergers created the first billion dollar American corporation. What was that corporation?

United States Steel

Why did so many die in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?

Unsafe working conditions

Why did President Wilson authorize the invasion of Veracruz, Mexico?

Victoriano Huerta executed democratically elected president, Francisco Madero, Mexican forces mistakenly arrested American sailors, and Americans with financial investments in Mexico asked for intervention

At the turn of the century, the percentage of immigrants from which region decreased in relation to other regions?

Western Europe

Which of the following describes the place of the labor movement during the 1920s?

membership declined

W. E. B. Du Bois, founder the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, broke with his former mentor Booker T. Washington because, Du Bois believed that Washington _______.

was not bold enough

Which group accounted for 90% of household expenditures in 1920s homes?

women

Greece and Turkey were early flashpoints in the Cold War. How did the United States respond to unrest in Greece and Turkey in 1947?

The United States sent $400 million to both nations to be used in resisting communism

Who first challenged segregation on buses?

Sarah Keys

What legal principle was enshrined by the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson?

Separate but equal

General William T. Sherman's Special Field Order No. 15 was intended to do which of the following?

Set aside land in Georgia and South Carolina as homesteads for freed people

What percent of married women worked outside of the home in the 1920s?

10%

When did the United States begin trading with China?

1784

Approximately how many civilians were killed by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

180,000

Which census first revealed that a majority of Americans were living in cities?

1920

Approximately how many women served in the military during WWII?

350,000

In the election of 1896, 130,000 black Louisianans voted. In 1900 the number was _____________.

5,320

Of the over 110,000 Japanese-descended Americans who were detained in internment camps, approximately how many were American citizens?

70,000

Roughly ____ of all German casualties in World War II came in the battle against the Soviet Union.

80%

What was the Open Door Policy?

A call for all western powers to have equal access to Chinese markets

What was the Lost Cause?

A glorification of the memory of the Confederacy and a romanticization of the Old South as a pastoral land with benevolent masters and happy slaves

What was the Bonus Army?

A group of World War I veterans who petitioned the government to make an early payment on bonuses scheduled to be released in 1945

What was the "Nixon Doctrine?"

A military policy of détente

Warren G. Harding won office by campaigning on which theme

A return to normalcy

Marcus Garvey created a movement encouraging black Americans to migrate to Africa. To do this he created which of the following:

A shipping company called the Black Star Line

What is the definition of Herbert Hoover "Associationalism"?

A system where businesses would voluntarily limit harmful business practices for the greater economic good

One of the intellectual leaders of the Harlem Rennaissance wrote that "we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation." Who was this intellectual?

Alain Locke

What was Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis?"

American culture was forged by the struggle between civilized settlers and savage frontier life, giving it a democratic and hardworking spirit

What was the first military action taken by the United States against international communism?

American soldiers fought against the Red Army during the Russian civil war

What was FDR's "court-packing scheme"?

An attempt to appoint up to six new justices who would be friendly to his interests

How did the first freedom ride end?

Angry mobs composed of KKK members attacked the riders in Birmingham, Alabama and burned one of the buses and beat the activists who escaped

The United States responded to Japanese aggression in the Pacific in 1939 by dissolving its trade treaties with Japan and embargoing goods in the following year. What did the United States hope to achieve with these actions?

Applying economic pressure to Japan to deter military expansion

What was the particular spark that ignited World War I?

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and Grand Duchess Sophie

How did the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance?

Asserted the federal government's power to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states

The Kerner Commission explained urban riots as the result of which of the following

Black frustration with the hopelessness of urban poverty

President Johnson proposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 partially in response to what event in Selma, Alabama

Bloody Sunday

Who was seen as advocating racial accomodationism?

Booker T. Washington

Why didn't the United States immediately annex Texas?

Both because of concerns regarding war with Mexico and imbalance of adding a large slave state

Which of the following statements regarding "muscular Christianity" are true:

Built summer camps and gymnasiums where young American men could strengthen their bodies and spirits, sought to stiffen young men's' backbones by putting them in touch with their primal manliness and motivated by a fear that the country had become a nation of emasculated men

How did protesters show their opposition for the Vietnam War?

Burned draft cards, occupied government buildings, and refused to pay income taxes

How did President Eisenhower attempt to prevent a Soviet Attack on the United States

By promising "massive retaliation" and appealing to the logic of "mutually-assured destruction"

What was the primary political issue that Carter used in his presidential campaign?

Carter's campaign focused less on issues than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist southerner

Catholic clergymen who took up the name "Americanists" believed in all of the following

Catholic immigrants should try to assimilate into the English-speaking mainstream, the Church should close "ethnic parishes", and the separation of church and state would benefit Catholicism

The Monroe Doctrine was created partially as a response to which of the following international threats?

Concerns over British abolitionists in the Caribbean, fears of a Spanish reconquest of South America, and incursions from the Russians in the northwest portions of the North American continent

Tribal nations west of the Mississippi blended traditional cultural practices, including common land systems, with western practices including which of the following?

Constitutional governments, slavery, and public schools

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 accomplish?

Created a Civil Rights Commission in the Department of Justice to investigate claims of racial discrimination

Which of the following statements regarding Jane Addams' activism are true?

Created an influential settlement home in Chicago

As President Theodore Roosevelt transformed the American navy by emphasizing which of the following strategies?

Creating battleships and a "blue water" navy that would win battles against rival fl

Black codes, including vagrancy laws, had which of the following effects?

Criminalized black leisure, locked many into exploitative farming contracts, limited black mobility.

Upon assuming office, how did Roosevelt respond to the collapsing bank system?

Declared a bank holiday and then pushed through the Emergency Banking Act

How did the Roosevelt Corollary modify the Monroe Doctrine?

Declaring that the U.S. had the right to preemptive action through intervention in any Latin American nation to correct administrative and fiscal deficiencies

The churches most common in suburban America tended most frequently celebrated which of the following cultural values?

Economic individualism

During the nineteenth century, American interests in the Middle East revolved around all of the following

Education, Religion, and Access to trading routes

The Socialist Party of America achieved which of the following gains in the early twentieth century?

Elected over 1,000 candidates to American political offices, garnered nearly one million votes for Socialist Party presidential candidate Eugene Debs in 1912, and gained over 150,000 registered members

The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) focused on

Employing direct action tactics and more combative rhetoric

What theme dominated American popular entertainment in the 1920s?

Escape

Black delegates actively participated in revising the state constitutions of southern states. In addition to election reform, what other major accomplishment did these delegates achieve?

Established public school systems

Which of the following issues most concerned American diplomats prior to World War I?

Expanding transatlantic trade

What was the primary goal of American foreign policy in the antebellum era?

Expansion of economic opportunity

How did increased availability of consumer credit in the 1920s influence American expenditures?

Expenditures increased

Louisiana Senator Huey long criticized Roosevelt's New Deal programs for _____________

Failing to redistribute wealth

What was the relationship between the federal government and economic growth in the aftermath of World War II?

Federal spending created more economic growth

Why did Andrew Jackson, and most Americans, support Indian Removal?

Make it easier for Indians to convert to Christianity, give white farmers access to fertile soil, and freeing up land for mining

How did attitudes toward sex change in the 1920s?

Many college-educated white women rebelled against "Victorian" notions of sexuality, leading to an increase in premarital sex

Women participated in the global influence of the United States in many ways, including as all of the following

Medical professionals, missionaries and teachers

The Albany Movement, centered in Albany, Georgia, drew on Christian commitments to social justice and united all of the following Civil Rights groups

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

A vibrant homosexual culture developed during the 1920s in which American city?

New York

Theodore Roosevelt first gained fame as a trustbuster by attacking which monopoly in 1902?

Northern Securities

What initially sparked the 1973 energy crisis?

OPEC's embargo of oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East

The Teapot Dome Scandal sent several prominent members of the Harding administration to jail. The scandal involved the leasing of government land to what group?

Oil companies

What did the Works Progress Administration do?

Put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed and proposed by local governments

What was the Red Summer of 1919?

Racial violence in twenty-five American cities

Advertisers in the 1960s innovated by beginning to emphasize which of the following traits as a means of selling products?

Rebellion and individuality

What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

Rebuild Western Europe Create new markets for American goods Generate support for Capitalist democracies

What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Retaliation for the American nuclear arsenal housed in Turkey, Castro's invitation to the Soviet Union to install missiles, and hostile relations between the United States and Cuba

Roe v. Wade, the court case that legalized abortion hinged on what legal idea?

Right of privacy

Who organized the first sit-ins?

Students

What economic activity brought American business interests to Hawaii in the early to mid nineteenth century?

Sugar trade.

How did many black leaders, including W. E. B. DuBois respond to the war?

Supported the war effort and lobbied to include black soldiers in front-line combat positions

Which of the following nations were not a part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

Sweden. The following nations were in NATO:Italy, France, and England

What terrorist tactics did white southerners use to enforce racial hierarchies?

Targeting freedpeople who tried to purchase land or otherwise become too independent from the white masters they used to rely on, white men beat or shot black men with relative impunity, and did so over minor squabbles, labor disputes, longstanding grudges, and crimes of passion, and attacking black candidates and office holders and frightening voters with threats of violence

Why did the United States fail to help more of the decolonization independence movements during the 1940s--1970s?

The Cold War alliance with Western Europe led the United States to support many colonial powers

Fundamentalist Christianity coalesced around a series of ideas best articulated in a pamphlet commissioned by oil barons Lyman and Milton Stewart. What is the name of this pamphlet?

The Fundamentals

What was the result of the Kaiserschlacht?

The Germans launched five failed major attacks

Which of the following most accurately describes religious commitment during the early Cold War years?

The Pledge of Allegiance was modified in 1954, Anti-Catholicism and Anti-Semitism declined in the United States, and Americans attended church at higher rates than in any time in American history

Why did the Russian army disintegrate?

The Russian Revolution distracted military leaders from the war with Germany

What did the United States demand from the Comanche leading to the Red River War?

The United States demanded that the Comanche settle on government reservations

Why did the League of Nations fail?

The United States did not join it

All of the following statements regarding the Philippine-American War are true

The United States received the territory of the Philippines after the Spanish- American War, The Filipinos were fighting in attempt to earn independence, and the beginning of the Philippine-American War was marked with confusion

What was the most dramatic result of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act?

The creation of a national minimum wage

The Sioux Uprising of 1862 began with what event?

The death of five white settlers at the hands of four young Santee men

What was the "tainted money debate?"

The decision whether the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions would accept a large donation by John D. Rockefeller

Which of the following best describes the Social Gospel?

The goal of saving society as well as souls

In the mid-1960s, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) experienced a transformation. This transformation included all of the following

The growing influence of radical leaders like Stokely Carmichael, focus on racial injustice in northern cities, and the expulsion of all white members

Two events are widely credited with inspiring the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan. One is the release of the film The Birth of the Nation. What was the second?

The lynching of Leo Frank

What prompted President Roosevelt to pass Executive Order 8802?

The planned march on Washington led by A. Philip Randolph

Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade?

The relocation of American manufacturing overseas

The idea of Manifest Destiny meant which of the following?

The strength of American values and institutions justified moral claims to leadership, God and the Constitution ordained an irrepressible destiny to accomplish redemption and democratization, and lands on the North American continent west of the Mississippi River (and later into the Caribbean) were destined for political and agricultural improvement

After the Victory in Europe, the United States suffered a setback in the Pacific. What was that setback?

The surrender of American forces in the Philippines

How did black churches help to develop political organization in black communities?

Training leaders for both preaching and political work, creating opportunities for women, providing gathering places for political meetings

All of the following were candidates in the 1912 presidential election

William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt

Women served in the armed forces during World War I. They served in all of the following positions EXCEPT

commissioned officers

The National Origins Act restricted the number of immigrants from any given country to ____ percent of the number of current Americans from that country

two