UNT SOCIOLOGY 1510 (EXAM 1)

Which of the following statements is an example of sociological research shaping public policy? Many states have passed laws that increase women's claims to marital property and enforce fathers' obligations to provide support for women raising their children. People, especially when they are young, are likely to marry someone similar in age, race, social background, and physical attractiveness. In recent years, there has been an increase in electronic technology that transmits pictures, sounds, and written documents around the globe. Because poor countries provide women with less schooling and fewer economic opportunities, women in poor countries are less likely to use contraception.

Many states have passed laws that increase women's claims to marital property and enforce fathers' obligations to provide support for women raising their children.

Which of the following was one result of the European enclosure movement? People sought out work in cities. Small-scale manufacturing increased. The rural population increased. More and more land was available for farming.

People sought out work in cities.

Having read illustrations of four research methods in Chapter 1, read the following statement and then identify which of the four researchers made it. William Foote Whyte Philip Zimbardo Lois Benjamin E. Digby Baltzell

Philip Zimbardo

E. Digby Baltzell studied the effects of ______ and _______ in shaping the different cultures of two U.S. cities. Catholicism; Calvinism Puritanism; Quakerism Catholicism; Quakerism Puritanism; Catholicism

Puritanism; Quakerism

AGE COHORT

an aggregate group of people born during the same period. they share the same historical experiences- wars, technological developments, and economic fluctuations- although they might do so in different ways, depending on their life factors.

Androcentricity refers to _______________. approaching an issue from a male perspective, assuming only men's activities are important approaching an issue from a perspective that takes account of both women and men approaching an issue from a female perspective, assuming only women's activities are important approaching an issue without any concern for gender

approaching an issue from a male perspective, assuming only men's activities are important

The positivist orientation in research is linked to the structural-functional approach because both ________________. A. seek to reduce social inequality B. try to bring about positive change C. focus on the meanings people attach to their social world D. are concerned with understanding society as it is

are concerned with understanding society as it is

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY

ask what meanings become attached to different age groups and to what extent these meanings explain how society ranks such groups.

Which of the following is an example of a latent function of social structure? trade across national boundaries, creating a global economy electronic technology's ability to transmit pictures, sounds, and written documents around the globe in seconds the numerous social problems faced by African American communities across the United States college's function as a "marriage broker," bringing together young people of similar social backgrounds

college's function as a "marriage broker," bringing together young people of similar social backgrounds

To check whether the correlation between two variables is spurious, a sociologist keeps all the variables the same except one in order to see clearly the effect of that variable. The sociologist uses the technique called __________. Replication control correlation

control

The family, funeral rites, and jokes are all examples of __________. material culture cultural universals cultural lag cultural relativism

cultural universals

In the animal kingdom, only humans rely on __________ to ensure their survival. physical size and strength biological programming instinct culture

culture

AGE DISCRIMINATION EMPLOYMENT ACT

first passed in 1967 but amended several times since, protects people from age discrimination in employment. It states that age discrimination is a violation of the individual's civil rights. An employer can neither hire nor fire someone based solely on age, nor segregate or classify workers based on age .

One in __________ people in the United States speaks a language other than English at home. ten thirty fifty five

five

Taking a global perspective involves __________. focusing on how the United States is "exceptional." analyzing society with a micro-level orientation focusing on what makes everyone the same studying our society's place in the larger world

studying our society's place in the larger world

Which of the following situations is an example of the research problem called "androcentricity?" A researcher speaks to an all-female public council and uses the women's statements to form conclusions about the entire community. A sociology grad student finds that she is treated differently than her male colleges while engaged in field research. A researcher is studying the link between depression and poverty but fails to take into account the age of the subjects. A sociologist creates a survey to measure average work hours but does not include "housewife" as an occupational choice.

A sociologist creates a survey to measure average work hours but does not include "housewife" as an occupational choice.

Consistent with Durkheim's findings, which of the following categories of the U.S. population has the lowest rate of suicide? African American men white women African American women white men

African American women

Which of the following statements is most closely tied to the social-conflict approach? Any culture is a way of life that benefits some people and disadvantages others. Members of a society cooperate to meet their needs, resulting in a system of behaviors that make up a stable and complex culture. Cultural patterns have been shaped by humanity's biological evolution. Cultural patterns are rooted in society's basic beliefs and values.

Any culture is a way of life that benefits some people and disadvantages others.

Who coined the term sociology to describe a new way of looking at society? A. Karl Marx B. Auguste Comte C. Thomas Hobbes D. John Locke

Auguste Comte

Imagine you are planning to interview people in a cultural minority concerning the effects of gentrification on their neighborhood. Which of the following advice will help you better connect with your interview subjects? Use academic terminology. Don't reveal any discomfort. Be yourself, no matter what your cultural customs are. Be careful with the terms you use.

Be careful with the terms you use.

Which of the following statements is an example of a folkway in our society? An adult should refrain from having sex with a child. Businessmen should wear ties to work. Women should not go "topless" in public. Humans should not have sexual relations with domestic animals.

Businessmen should wear ties to work.

CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER TWO

________ is an example of a high-income country. Niger Peru Canada India

Canada

Why did anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon experience culture shock when he first encountered the Yąnomamö of South America? Chagnon was shaken by the fact that their culture was so different from what he expected. Chagnon was shocked to learn that most aspects of their culture were familiar to him. Chagnon was surprised to find that they were friendly and welcomed him warmly. Chagnon was nervous about visiting one of the most technologically advanced societies on Earth.

Chagnon was shaken by the fact that their culture was so different from what he expected.

Which of the following questions would best be answered by studying available data rather than collecting new data? Why do more women than men decide to go to college? How do women and men see modern romantic relationships differently? Did any particular region in colonial America produce more leaders than other regions? How does "stacking" affect the emotional well-being of today's professional athletes?

Did any particular region in colonial America produce more leaders than other regions?

Computers, iPods, cell phones, and DVD players are considered to be cultural universals because surveys taken in every known culture around the world indicate that these are the products that people would most like to own. True False

False

Which theoretical approach would most likely lead us to learn that there are fewer women than men in top corporate positions? Feminist theory Sociobiology Symbolic-interaction theory Structural-functional theory

Feminist theory

Which of the following is an example of an emerging value in the United States? Most people in the United States ignore factors such as gender, race, ethnicity, and social class when judging others. Increasing numbers of people in the United States believe it is more important to accept one's fate rather than take control of events. Most people in the United States now believe that cooperation in daily life is more important than competition. More people in the United States think it is important to have time off from work to engage in activities such as reading, travel, or community service.

More people in the United States think it is important to have time off from work to engage in activities such as reading, travel, or community service.

According to William Ogburn's analysis, why might there be vocal opposition to the use of stem cells in medical practice? High culture and popular culture nearly always tend to clash. All elements of a cultural system tend to change at the same rate. Subcultures are slower than countercultures to accept change. New elements of material culture develop faster than new elements of nonmaterial culture.

New elements of material culture develop faster than new elements of nonmaterial culture.

How would social-exchange analysis lead you to view courtship? People are forced into seeking a certain type of mate by societal pressures. People fall in love because of purely physical "chemistry." People seek mates from different social groups, which serves to tie society together. People seek mates who can offer them at least as much as they offer in return.

People seek mates who can offer them at least as much as they offer in return.

Which of the following people is likely to experience the most severe culture shock? Martin and his friends take a road trip to Southern California where they visit Hollywood and Beverly Hills. Lashandra grew up in New York but moves to Florida to attend college. Raj's company transfers him from their main office in Washington, D.C., to a satellite office in Lima, Peru. Kristen and her boyfriend visit their city's Chinatown for the Chinese New Year celebrations.

Raj's company transfers him from their main office in Washington, D.C., to a satellite office in Lima, Peru.

What did Durkheim's suicide study conclude? Social forces have an impact on suicide. Suicide is an entirely personal choice that is not impacted by society. Suicide is random and few patterns emerge. Women with a lot of children are more likely to commit suicide.

Social forces have an impact on suicide.

Which of the following is the best example of a counterculture? Chinatown residents Rich people who ride motorcycles on weekends The "hippies" of the 1960s Pittsburgh Steelers fans

The "hippies" of the 1960s

Which of the following statements correctly identifies a factor that explain some of the difference in birthrates between the United States and a low-income nation such as Niger? Women in poorer countries tend to live longer. Women in poorer countries place greater value on children. Women in poorer countries are less likely to use contraception. Women in poorer countries simply choose to have fewer children.

Women in poorer countries are less likely to use contraception.

RITES OF PASSAGE

a ceremony or ritual that marks the transition of an individual from one role to another.

Which of the following traits best categorizes low-income nations? advanced technology and high level of development a low standard of living so that most people are poor high levels of immigration from rich countries collective ownership and production of goods

a low standard of living so that most people are poor

During Auguste Comte's metaphysical stage, people described patterns of human behavior in terms of __________. the result of "laws of society" supernatural forces a reflection of selfish human nature the perfection of God

a reflection of selfish human nature

Applying the sociological perspective can help people __________. in the United States see our way of life as better than those of other nations assess the truth of "common sense" turn pubic issues into private concerns explain how we all are unaffected by society

assess the truth of "common sense"

The meanings attached to what we hold as symbols __________. can vary among individuals or groups of people within a single society can vary according to which species is under consideration are almost exactly the same among humans everywhere in the world are part of every society's material culture

can vary among individuals or groups of people within a single society

The first step in a sociological research project is _______. choosing a topic evaluating available time and money determining a method conducting background research

choosing a topic

DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

drawn from functionalism, predicts that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society and are simultaneously relieved of responsibilities. this withdrawal is functional to society bc it provides for a transition from one generation to the next.

Generally speaking, U.S. culture favors men over women, whites over minorities, and rich people over poor people. Which key value of U.S. culture identified by Robin Williams Jr. does this pattern of inequality contradict? group superiority material comfort practicality equal opportunity

equal opportunity

The civil war in Yugoslavia during the 1990s was fueled by __________. differences between high culture and popular culture countercultures within the country ethnic differences within the country social class differences within the country

ethnic differences within the country

When Marcus presents his senior thesis to his college's sociology department faculty, he is told that his findings seem biased because his subjects do not seem to have acted naturally during the study. Which type of research method did Marcus most likely use? survey participant observation experiment field study

experiment

One reason that people in the United States enjoy fictional "superheroes" is that heroes represent cultural themes that differ from those in our dominant culture. Heroes, then, give people the opportunity to experience different cultures. True False

false

People with the fewest privileges are the most likely to see individuals as responsible for their own lives. True/False

false

CONFLICT THEORY

focuses on the competition over scarce resources btw age groups.

Taking a ________ perspective involves studying the larger world and our society's place in it. broad sociological global integrative

global

Mores differ from folkways in that mores __________, whereas folkways __________. particular rules of behavior that differ from culture to culture; particular rules of behavior that are followed by all cultures around the world have great moral significance; are less important norms that apply to routine or casual interaction are ignored by most people; are followed by everyone are standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful; are specific ideas that people hold to be true

have great moral significance; are less important norms that apply to routine or casual interaction

The United States, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe fall within which of the following categories? third-world countries middle-income countries high-income nations low-income countries

high-income nations

Although almost everyone in the United States generally agrees on the importance of sexual faithfulness in marriage, a small percentage of respondents in a recent study reported that they had cheated on their spouses. This finding illustrates the need to distinguish between __________ and __________. high culture; popular culture mores; taboos ideal culture; real culture norms; sanctions

ideal culture; real culture

Which of the following sets of adjectives can best be used to describe the relationship between culture and society? interdependent, enduring, essential instinctual, optional, trivial short-lived, voluntary, hostile mutually exclusive, fragile, inborn

interdependent, enduring, essential

Which of the following technological innovations of recent decades has had the greatest effect in helping spread the English language around the globe in the last twenty years? Television Radio Cell phone Internet

internet

Participant observation usually falls within _______ sociology, yielding mostly qualitative data and relying on personal judgment. positivist critical interpretive a combination of all fields of

interpretive

Because Aaban wants to study the effects of discrimination against Muslims in post-9/11 America, he feels that he needs to establish a rapport with his subjects before asking them questions about their experiences. The best research method for Aaban to use would be __________. experiment interview closed-ended questionnaire using existing data

interview

Which of the following is the best way to identify a distinctive culture? people choose their own clothing and dress it has its own language people create art it has a political system

it has its own language

Which of the following is the foundation of the process of cultural transmission? law Verstehen language science

language

Which of the following is an example of a social pattern that is part of the globalization of the economy? gender inequality in the U.S. workplace a high birthrate in many low-income nations more trade that involves goods and services crossing national borders political turmoil in the Middle East

more trade that involves goods and services crossing national borders

ERIK ERIKSON

noted psychologist who stated that the central task of adolescence is the formation of consistent identity.

According to sociologist Robin Williams Jr., people in the United States believe in equality—not equality of condition but rather equality of __________. individual intelligence material comfort opportunity wealth

opportunity

Shanna wants to study the effects of playground bullying on elementary school children. She begins her research knowing little about this topic. Which of the following research methods is best suited to her study? participant observation a survey questionnaire an experiment using available data

participant observation

One of the key values of United States culture as defined by sociologist Robin Williams Jr. is the belief in progress. The concept of progress means that ___________. people in the United States believe that the present is better than the past and the future will be better still U.S. society favors action over inaction people in the United States believe that everyone should have equal opportunities the U.S. culture is built heavily on material comforts

people in the United States believe that the present is better than the past and the future will be better still

According to a positivist approach to research, only by controlling ________ can researchers study the world as it is rather than tell us how they think it should be. peer response to their work all dependent variables all independent variables personal feelings and opinions

personal feelings and opinions

Siobhan is a sociologist who believes that the only true research should entail objective and systematic observation of social behavior. In her observation, she hopes to come closer to understanding the objective reality that exists "out there." In short, Siobhan espouses ________ sociology. qualitative interpretive critical positivist

positivist

AGE STEREOTYPES

preconceived judgments about what different age groups are like.

The results of Zimbardo's "Stanford County Prison" experiment confirmed the hypothesis that _______________. prison violence is rooted in the character of the prison setting itself prisons effectively reduce violence in our society prison violence is caused by the personal traits of the prison guards prison violence is caused by personal traits of prisoners

prison violence is rooted in the character of the prison setting itself

Both critical sociology and social-conflict theory seek to __________. identify an objective reality reduce social inequality understand how society actually operates achieve Verstehen, or understanding

reduce social inequality

AGE PREJUDICE

refers to a negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group. Prejudice against the elderly is prominent as the elderly are often thought of as childlike and thus incapable of adult responsibility. AN ATTITUDE.

AGE STRATIFICATION

refers to the hierarchical ranking of different age groups in society.

Investigators use _______ because having someone else repeat the research is one way to limit distortion caused by personal values. replication evaluation validation reliability

replication

Which of the following musical styles was the first to be clearly linked to the emergence of a youth culture in the United States? Pop Rock-and-roll Hip hop Rap

roc-and-roll

The final step in sociological research is to ________. prepare a report stating one's conclusions determine what other researchers on the topic have found, identifying any problems in their research address all ethical concerns share one's findings with others and allow others to respond to your work

share one's findings with others and allow others to respond to your work

Which is a real-life example of a variable? parent culture social class economy

social class

________ is defined as any relatively stable pattern of social behavior. Social structure Positivism Social function Social conflict

social structure

Many sociologists use the ________ theoretical approach not just to understand society but also to try to bring about societal change that would reduce inequality. social exchange social-conflict structural-functional symbolic-interaction

social-conflict

A sociologist following the _____ theoretical approach would be likely to ask the following questions: What are the major parts of society? How are these parts linked? What does each part do to help society work? structural-functional social-exchange symbolic-interaction social-conflict

structural-functional

Kareem writes an essay in which he quotes Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, and Herbert Spencer. Kareem is most likely writing about the ________ theoretical approach. symbolic-interaction gender-conflict social-conflict structural-functional

structural-functional

Which of sociology's theoretical approaches has the most in common with an analysis of the human body that identifies parts of the body and seeks to understand what each one does to keep the body operating? symbolic-interaction approach gender-conflict or feminist approach social-conflict approach structural-functional approach

structural-functional approach

One example of __________ is the South Florida "beach crowd." subculture counterculture horticulture high culture

subculture

According to the guidelines set forth by the American Sociological Association, researchers must get the informed consent of participants. This means that ____________. to minimize bias, subjects cannot be paid to participate in a study people cannot participate in sociological research until they are twenty-one subjects must understand the responsibilities and risks involved in the study and agree to take part after the study is completed, researchers must ask participants for the right to publish their data

subjects must understand the responsibilities and risks involved in the study and agree to take part

Following which theoretical approach would we understand sports not as a societal system but as an ongoing process of face-to-face interaction? structural-functional approach social-conflict approach social exchange approach symbolic-interaction approach

symbolic-interaction approach

Which of the following is an example of recently created modern symbols? text-message abbreviations national flags American Sign Language religious icons

text-message abbreviations

LIFE COURSE

the connection btw people's personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical context of these events.

AGE DISCRIMINATION

the different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age. INVOLVES ACTUAL BEHAVIOR.

AGEISM

the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination. more than a single attitude or an explicit act of discrimination, ageism is structured into the institutional fabric of society. Ageism in society means that, regardless of laws that prohibit age discrimination, a person's age is a significant predictor of his or her life chances.

ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION

the learning of expectations associated with a role a person expects to enter in the future. working as a teaching assistant before becoming a professor.

Which of the following lists of historical events and trends correctly identifies three factors that led to the initial development of the discipline of sociology in Europe and the United States? A. World War II, the Civil Rights Movement, the 1960s B. the Black Death, the discovery of the Americas, the Protestant Reformation C. the Civil War, the end of slavery, World War I D. the new industrial economy; the growth of cities; political change

the new industrial economy; the growth of cities; political change

RESOCIALIZATION

the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced.

ADULT SOCIALIZATION

the process of learning new roles and expectations in adult life.

According to Auguste Comte, the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Adam Smith shifted focus from moral obligation to God and king (theological stage) to _________ (metaphysical stage). the pursuit of self-interest analysis of societal structures attack on tradition democracy

the pursuit of self-interest

Which of the following changes was important in encouraging the development of the discipline of sociology? the advent of the scientific age the development of an agricultural economy the move away from personal liberty and individual rights the rise of a factory-based industrial economy

the rise of a factory-based industrial economy

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture? the houses and apartment buildings that can be found in your neighborhood the set of beliefs held by followers of a particular religion in the United States the series of Harry Potter books written by J.K. Rowling the desktop and laptop computers used by students at a community college

the set of beliefs held by followers of a particular religion in the United States

Seeing the general in the particular is one way to define __________. the global perspective how people look at their marriage partner the sociological perspective history

the sociological perspective

The text presents the formal definition of the discipline of sociology as __________. A. seeing the general in the particular B. seeing the strange in the familiar C. using categories of people as a basis for analysis D. the systematic study of human society

the systematic study of human society

FUNCTIONALISM

these sociologists ask whether the grouping of individuals contributes in some way to the common good of society. functionalists argue that older people are seen as less useful and are therefore granted lower status in society. there are constraints placed on youths. the functionalist believe that the elderly voluntarily withdraw from society by retiring and lessening their participation in social activities.

Because culture is largely a matter of habit, we repeat many negative patterns of behavior in each new generation. True False

true

The number of languages spoken around the world is declining. True False

true

STOCKHOLM SYNDROME

under severe captivity and depriviation, a captured person may come to identify w/ the upper captor. the captured person has become dependent on the captor. on release, the captive frequently needs debriefing or deprogramming.

According to Max Weber, the key to interpretive sociology lies in ________. a. understand the meaning people see in behavior b. pursuing social change c. determining cause and effect d. maintaining objectivity in research

understanding the meaning people see in behavior