Urinalysis Test 1

Hypertonicity or hypotonicity of urine is controlled by: A. ADH B. renin C. osmotic pressure. D. countercurrent multiplier mechanism.

A. ADH

Upon microscopic examination, an individual's urine shows many bacteria, white blood cells, and cellular casts composed of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is likely that this individual has: A. pyelonephritis. B. rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis. C. urinary tract infection. D. end-stage renal disease.

A. pyelonephritis.

A waste product from a health kidney is A. urea B. large proteins C. red blood cells D. white blood cells

A. urea

Following a protein-rich meal, what condition may be noticed?

Aminoaciduria

Glomerular filtration rate would be increased by : a) constriction of the afferent arteriole b) a decrease in afferent arteriolar pressure c) compression of the renal capsule d) a decrease in the concentration of plasma protein e) a decrease in renal blood flow

d) a decrease in the concentration of plasma protein

About the proximal convoluted tubules , all are true except : a) reabsorb most of Na+ ions in glomerular filtrate b) reabsorb most of Cl- ions in glomerular filtrate c) reabsorb most of K+ ions in glomerular filtrate d) contains JGCs which secrete renin

d) contains JGCs which secrete renin

What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which of these patients is most likely to use a cystatin C test? A. a patient with cystitis B. a patient with chronic kidney disease C. a patient with metabolic alkalosis D. a patient with a kidney stone

B. a patient with chronic kidney disease

Which condition produces a pale urine with a high specific gravity? A. Diabetes insipidus B. Galactosuria C. Diabetes mellitus D. Porphyria

C. Diabetes mellitus

All of the following tests and evaluation purpose are correctly matched except: A. creatinine clearance—GFR. B. urine protein electrophoresis—glomerular permeability for plasma proteins. C. urine osmolality—tubular concentrating ability. D. p-aminohippurate—renal tubular reabsorption.

D. p-aminohippurate—renal tubular reabsorption.

What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid?

Distal convoluted tubule

Which portion of the nephron is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?

Distal convoluted tubule

In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

What is the result of prolonged aldosterone stimulation?

Hypokalemia

What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

Nephron loop and collecting duct

Renal correction of acute hyperkalemia will result in : a) alkalosis b) acidosis c) increased secretion of HCO3 - d) increased secretion of H+ e) increased secretion of Na+

b) acidosis

The renal artery branches off into the afferent arteriole, which: A. surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule. B. becomes the capillary tuft within the glomerulus. C. rejoins the anastomosing capillary network in the glomerulus. D. reabsorbs substances from the ultrafiltrate.

B. becomes the capillary tuft within the glomerulus.

A 35-year-old male patient has complained of polyuria and polydipsia. A 24-hour urine collection yields a volume of 5200 mL. Urinalysis reveals negative test results across the board. The physician suspects that the patient may be suffering from: A. diabetes mellitus. B. diabetes insipidus. C. type 2 diabetes. D. juvenile diabetes.

B. diabetes insipidus.

A positive glucose test result on a urinalysis indicates: A. tubular flow rate exceeded. B. maximal tubular reabsorptive capacity exceeded. C. tubular secretory capacity exceeded. D. reduced time solute in contact with renal epithelium.

B. maximal tubular reabsorptive capacity exceeded

Glomerular disease associated with lipiduria is known as: A. chronic glomerulonephritis. B. nephrotic syndrome. C. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). D. acute nephritic syndrome.

B. nephrotic syndrome.

One of the functions of the urinary system is to help in the regulation of pH. How does the nephron correct an acidosis condition in the blood?

Secreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-

About urea, all are true except : a) concentration rises in tubular fluid as the glomerular filtrate passes down the nephron. b) is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells c) concentration in the blood rises slightly after a high protein diet d) causes osmotic diuresis when its blood concentration is increased

b) is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells

The structure that is directly involved in filtering the blood going through the nephron is the A. Loop of Henle B. tubule C. glomerulus D. none of the above

C. glomerulus

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism multiplies the osmotic gradient as a result of which of the following? A. Active reabsorption of sodium and chloride and passive reabsorption of water B. Passive secretion of sodium and potassium and passive reabsorption of water C. Active secretion of sodium and water and passive reabsorption of chloride D. Passive reabsorption of potassium and chloride and active reabsorption of sodium

A. Active reabsorption of sodium and chloride and passive reabsorption of water

Final osmolality of urine is determined in which of the following? A. Distal tubules and collecting ducts B. Loops of Henle C. Proximal tubule D. Collecting ducts

A. Distal tubules and collecting ducts

If a physician requests a creatinine clearance on an individual, what is the physician attempting to determine? A. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) B. Random urine output volume C. Serum creatinine level D. Urine creatinine level

A. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Which of the following plays an important role in the formation of renal calculi? A. Isohydruria B. Hypotonicity of urine C. Isosthenuria D. Decreased nucleation

A. Isohydruria

Renin is released in response to all of the following except: A. increased sodium. B. increased potassium. C. vascular hemorrhage. D. decreased arterial pressure.

A. increased sodium.

Osmolality better reflects the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine because specific gravity: A. is influenced by the presence of glucose and protein. B. cannot detect the presence of high-molecular-weight solutes. C. is based on the number of milliosmoles versus density. D. is independent of fluid intake and state of hydration.

A. is influenced by the presence of glucose and protein.

The pathogenesis of all of the following forms of primary glomerulonephritis is antibody mediated except: A. minimal change disease. B. acute glomerulonephritis. C. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. D. membranous glomerulonephritis.

A. minimal change disease.

The following enzyme is deficient in phenylketonuria: A. phenylalanine hydroxylase B. homogentisic acid oxidase C. phenylpyruvate kinase D. UPG isomerase

A. phenylalanine hydroxylase

Urine concentration measuring the number of solutes present can be assessed by: A. urine osmolality. B. specific gravity. C. sodium/chloride ratio. D. A and B.

A. urine osmolality.

Principle solutes in the end product of the urine filtrate include all of the following except: A. water. B. sodium. C. chloride. D. urea.

A. water.

Which of the following test is used to assess renal concentrating ability? A. GFR B. Fluid deprivation C. Inulin clearance D. Creatinine clearance

B. Fluid deprivation

The technologist reads over the urinalysis test results that just printed off the Clinitek and notes that the specific gravity was 1.039. Which urinalysis test results should the technologist check for correlation? A. urea B. Glucose C. Mannitol D. Radiopaque contrast medium

B. Glucose

Which of the following ultrafiltrate substances is passively reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary blood? A. Na+ B. Amino Acids C. K+ D. uric Acid

C. K+

The category, aminoaciduria, includes A. Galactosuria B. Lesch-Nyhan Disease C. Maple syrup urine disease D. Variegate porphyria

C. Maple syrup urine disease

What is the distinguishing clinical feature of the type of porphyria that results in the accumulation of porphyrins? A. Neurologic symptoms B. Mental retardation C. Photosensitivity D. Nephropathy

C. Photosensitivity

The primary producer of renin is a small endocrine organ located in the: A. podocytes. B. basement membrane. C. juxtaglomerular apparatus. D. juxtamedullary nephrons.

C. juxtaglomerular apparatus.

The three secretory mechanisms that maintain blood pH and involve the secretion of H- include all of the following except: A. exchange of sodium and bicarbonate in acidic conditions. B. formation of titratable acids (i.e., monosodium phosphates). C. phosphate reabsorption. D. secretion of NH3- yielding ammonium salts.

C. phosphate reabsorption.

Detection of proteinuria in individuals with diabetes is important as a marker for all of the following except: A. cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. B. glomerular changes. C. renal plasma flow. D. diabetic nephropathy.

C. renal plasma flow.

Secretion of aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain: A. potassium and sodium. B. water and potassium. C. sodium and water. D. sodium, potassium, and water.

C. sodium and water.

All of the statements about specific gravity are true except: A. specific gravity is always greater than 1.000. B. specific gravity expresses the solute concentration. C. specific gravity relates the volume of urine to the density of an equal volume of pure water. D. the specific gravity of the ultrafiltrate is the same as that of protein-free plasma.

C. specific gravity relates the volume of urine to the density of an equal volume of pure water.

Which clearance test results can be normalized using the patient's height, weight, and body surface area? A. Free-water clearance B. Inulin clearance C. Osmolar clearance D. Creatinine clearance

D. Creatinine clearance

Fanconi syndrome is a disease of: A. Defective distal tubules B. Renal arteriosclerosis C. Obstructive uropathy D. Defective proximal tubules

D. Defective proximal tubules

All of the following are true about the glomerular filtration rate EXCEPT A. It is an important indicator of kidney function. B. It can be estimated by the calculated eGFR when serum creatinine is measured. C. It is used to monitor kidney disease progression. D. It is used to monitor acid-base balance.

D. It is used to monitor acid-base balance.

Which of the following exhibit tubular reabsorptive capacity? A. Proteins B. Uric acid C. Glucose D. Phosphates/sulfates

D. Phosphates/sulfates

Glomerular damage characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension is referred to as: A. nephrotic syndrome. B. IgA nephropathy. C. chronic glomerulonephritis. D. acute nephritic syndrome.

D. acute nephritic syndrome.

β2-Microglobulin is a useful marker for: A. identifying allograft rejection in kidney transplant recipients. B. differentiating glomerular and tubular renal diseases. C. identifying renal function (rather than the GFR) in all patients. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

Water reabsorption occurs in all of the following areas of the nephron except: A. collecting duct. B. proximal tubule. C. distal tubule D. ascending limbs of loops of Henle.

D. ascending limbs of loops of Henle.

A 45-year-old man visits his physician with complaints of insatiable thirst, sudden onset of fatigue, polydipsia, and polyuria. Laboratory results indicate a normal fasting blood sugar. Serum sodium was slightly elevated. Urine was clear and had low specific gravity (hypotonic). The most likely cause of these symptoms and laboratory results would be: A. diabetes mellitus. B. acute tubular necrosis. C. polycystic kidney disease. D. diabetes insipidus.

D. diabetes insipidus.

All of the following are principal roles of the secretory process except: A. removal of metabolic waste. B. elimination of substances bound to plasma proteins. C. adjustment of acid-base equilibrium. D. maintenance of fluid volume.

D. maintenance of fluid volume

The osmolality of an 8 AM urine specimen in a fluid deprivation test was greater than 800 mOsm/kg, which indicates: A. limited production of ADH. B. dysfunctional renal receptors for ADH. C. inability to concentrate urine. D. normal renal function.

D. normal renal function.

Amino acids are almost completely reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate via active transport in the : a) proximal tubule b) loop of Henle c) distal tubule d) collecting duct e) renal pelvis

a) proximal tubule

The primary renal site for the secretion of organic ions e.g urate, creatinine is : a) proximal tubule b) loop of Henle c) distal tubule d) collecting duct .

a) proximal tubule

Which one of the following statements about aldosterone is correct? a) it produces its effect by activating C-AMP . b) it produces its effect by increasing membrane permeability to potassium c) it causes an increased reabsorption of hydrogen ion. d) it has its main effect on the proximal tubule . e) it is secreted in response to an increase in blood pressure

b) it produces its effect by increasing membrane permeability to potassium

An increase in the concentration of plasma potassium causes increase in : a) release of renin b) secretion of aldosterone c) secretion of ADH d) release of natriuretic hormone e) production of angiotensin II

b) secretion of aldosterone

In the presence of ADH, The distal nephron is least permeable to : a) water . b) ammonia . c) urea . d) sodium . E) carbon dioxide.

c) urea .

In the distal tubules, sodium reabsorption is increased directly by increased : a) sympathetic nerve stimulation of the kidney . b) atrial natriuretic hormone secretion . c) antidiuretic hormone secretion . d) aldosterone secretion e) angiotensin secretion

d) aldosterone secretion