Urinary System Lecture Objectives

each kidney has more than ________ nephrons

1 million

how many kidneys are there

2

what vitamin does the urinary system activate

D

the juxtaglomerular apparatus is a modification where the _______ ______ _______ runs against the _________ arteriole

DCT; afferent

activation of macula densa cells can activate what other cells

JG

urinary system maintains _______/______ balance which plays a role in regulating pH

acid/base

kidneys are enveloped by _________ tissue

adipose

what supportive layer of kidney functions in insulation, cushioning, protection

adipose capsule

the vessel that delivers blood to the glomerulus

afferent arteriole

if the solute has the same charge, it cannot pass through the ________. _______-

basement membrane

what part of the filtration membrane holds electrical charges

basement membrane

what wraps the capillaries

basement membrane

changing blood volume also causes a change in what

blood pressure

activation of macula densa cells can affect the diameter of what

blood vessels

Glomerular filtration is the filtering movement of plasma from the ___________ into the ______ ______

bloodstream; kidney tubule

what is the outermost portion of the kidney and is the external covering of the kidney

capsule

basement membranes are a nonselective process besides the ________

charge

macula densa cells function as ____________

chemoreceptors

each nephron produces urine with a different ________

concentration

tubular reabsorption can be an active or passive process depending on the ________ _______-

concentration gradient

what is the superficial/ outer region of the kidney

cortex

the juxtaglomerular apparatus is found in what nephrons

cortical and juxtamedullary

when most of the nephron is in the Cortex of the kidney

cortical nephron

85 percent of nephrons in our body are what type

cortical nephrons

increasing the amount of fluid in the urinary system ________ blood volume

decreases

Macula dense cells are modified cells in the walls of _______ _________ _______

distal convoluted tubule

collecting ducts connect to what tubule

distal convoluted tubule

______ arteriole feels into the peritubular capillaries

efferent

the vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus

efferent arteriole

what hormone is responsible for the production of red blood cells and is produced by urinary system

erythropoietin

what allows everything (plasma, solutes, proteins) to pass through the capillary bed except blood cells

fenestrated endothelium

the filtration membrane consists of what three things

fenestrated endothelium podocytes basement membrane

do plasma or filtrate lack common blood proteins

filtrate

macula densa cells detect differing concentration of solutes from _______

filtrate

tubular reabsorption is the removal of materials from the ________ back into _______

filtrate; circulation

the urinary system helps with fluid _______

filtration

what is the only place in podocytes called where things can leave from? (only area where podocytes and their extensions are not present)

filtration slits

what is the capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

glomerular/bowmans capsule

renal tubule consists of 4 things:

glomerular/bowmans capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule

capillary bed between the afferent and efferent arterioles

glomerulus

what is the capillary bed of the kidney called (its a specialized capillary bed)

glomerulus

the renal corpuscle is composed of what two things

glomerulus + bowman's capsule

why is blood pressure higher in the glomerulus compared to any other capillary bed

glomerulus is in between two arterioles instead of an arteriole and a venule

fluid goes from the _________ into _______ ________ and into _________ ______--

glomerulus; bowmans capsule; renal tubule

humans reabsorb all ______ and _____ ______ from the filtrate

glucose and amino acids

filtrate will have water, nutrients (_______ and ______ ______), ions (_____ and _______), and wastes (______ and ______ ______)

glucose and amino acids sodium and chloride urea and uric acid

indentation of the kidney

hilum

reabsorption of water and ions is greatly affected by .....

hormones

are pedicels impermeable or permeable

impermeable

which type of neurons produce a more of concentrated urine

juxtamedullary

when the loop of henle goes deep into the medulla

juxtamedullary nephron

tubular reabsorption is movement of materials from the _____ _____ back into the _____ ______

kidney tubules; blood capillaries

the _____ filter plasma

kidneys

what are the four components of the unrinary system

kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra

the ureter brings fluid from the __________ to the ___________ ____________

kidneys; urinary bladder

gluoconeogeneis occurs predominantly in _______ but can also occur in _________

liver; kidneys

the distal convoluted tubule is connected to what

loop of henle

what part of the tube descends/ ascends towards/from the medulla

loop of henle

where the minor calyces empty into, where minor calyces merge

major calyces

what is deeper inner region of the kidney

medulla

where collecting ducts end, where renal pyramids empty

minor calyces

what is the functional structure of the kidney

nephron

are there accessory organs in the urinary system

no

glomerular filtration is a ______, nonselective process

passive

podocytes have extensions called ________-

pedicels

kidneys also have a true capillary bed called

peritubular capillaries

_______ is the liquid portion of the blood

plasma

filtrate is formed from the ______-

plasma

________ and _______ are essentially the same in composition

plasma and filtrate

_______ reduce the area that filtration can occur

podocytes

what are the cells around the basement membrane

podocytes

basement membrane repels _____ from leaving circulation

proteins

what part of the tube is closet to the glomerular capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

tubular reabsorption can occur in what three places

proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule

outermost layer of kidney, defines the border/ edge of kidney itself

renal capsule

what are three supportive layers of kidney

renal capsule adipose capsule renal fascia

rectangular/ columnar structures between pyramids, inward extension of the cortex into the medulla

renal columns

what supportive layer holds the kidneys to the abdominal wall

renal fascia

what is the flat part of the kidney prior to the uterus

renal pelvis

collecting ducts make up the _______ ________

renal pyramid

what structure of the kidney contains the collecting ducts

renal pyramids

located within the renal pelvis; where all major calyces dump into prior to fluid going into the ureter

renal sinus

peritubular capillaries surround _________ ________-

renal tubule

what is the surrounding of the capillary bed called

renal tubule

JG cells secrete

renin

what production leads to production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

renin production

the male urethra carries both _________ ________ and __________

reproductive fluid; urine

the urinary system also maintains __________ balance which affects the tonicity of the body

salt/water

a collecting duct can connect to ______ renal tubules

several

basement membrane functions in limiting the ____ of what can pass out of the cells

size

juxtaglomerular cells are modified ______ _______ cells located in the _______ arteriole

smooth muscle; afferent

each kidney has a _____

ureter

fluid travels through the __________

ureter

what is tube that carries fluid to the outside of the body

urethra

what is the storage tank for urine

urinary bladder

the female urethra carries _________

urine

what is the same as the peritubular capillaries but located on the juxtamedullary nephron

vasa recta

urinary system regulates blood _______-

volume

humans resorb most of _______ and ______-

water and ions

when getting dehydrated, you use more juxtamedullary nephrons to conserve ______ and concentrate the _______ being excreted

water; urine