Urinary System Lecture Objectives
each kidney has more than ________ nephrons
1 million
how many kidneys are there
2
what vitamin does the urinary system activate
D
the juxtaglomerular apparatus is a modification where the _______ ______ _______ runs against the _________ arteriole
DCT; afferent
activation of macula densa cells can activate what other cells
JG
urinary system maintains _______/______ balance which plays a role in regulating pH
acid/base
kidneys are enveloped by _________ tissue
adipose
what supportive layer of kidney functions in insulation, cushioning, protection
adipose capsule
the vessel that delivers blood to the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
if the solute has the same charge, it cannot pass through the ________. _______-
basement membrane
what part of the filtration membrane holds electrical charges
basement membrane
what wraps the capillaries
basement membrane
changing blood volume also causes a change in what
blood pressure
activation of macula densa cells can affect the diameter of what
blood vessels
Glomerular filtration is the filtering movement of plasma from the ___________ into the ______ ______
bloodstream; kidney tubule
what is the outermost portion of the kidney and is the external covering of the kidney
capsule
basement membranes are a nonselective process besides the ________
charge
macula densa cells function as ____________
chemoreceptors
each nephron produces urine with a different ________
concentration
tubular reabsorption can be an active or passive process depending on the ________ _______-
concentration gradient
what is the superficial/ outer region of the kidney
cortex
the juxtaglomerular apparatus is found in what nephrons
cortical and juxtamedullary
when most of the nephron is in the Cortex of the kidney
cortical nephron
85 percent of nephrons in our body are what type
cortical nephrons
increasing the amount of fluid in the urinary system ________ blood volume
decreases
Macula dense cells are modified cells in the walls of _______ _________ _______
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts connect to what tubule
distal convoluted tubule
______ arteriole feels into the peritubular capillaries
efferent
the vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
what hormone is responsible for the production of red blood cells and is produced by urinary system
erythropoietin
what allows everything (plasma, solutes, proteins) to pass through the capillary bed except blood cells
fenestrated endothelium
the filtration membrane consists of what three things
fenestrated endothelium podocytes basement membrane
do plasma or filtrate lack common blood proteins
filtrate
macula densa cells detect differing concentration of solutes from _______
filtrate
tubular reabsorption is the removal of materials from the ________ back into _______
filtrate; circulation
the urinary system helps with fluid _______
filtration
what is the only place in podocytes called where things can leave from? (only area where podocytes and their extensions are not present)
filtration slits
what is the capsule that surrounds the glomerulus
glomerular/bowmans capsule
renal tubule consists of 4 things:
glomerular/bowmans capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule
capillary bed between the afferent and efferent arterioles
glomerulus
what is the capillary bed of the kidney called (its a specialized capillary bed)
glomerulus
the renal corpuscle is composed of what two things
glomerulus + bowman's capsule
why is blood pressure higher in the glomerulus compared to any other capillary bed
glomerulus is in between two arterioles instead of an arteriole and a venule
fluid goes from the _________ into _______ ________ and into _________ ______--
glomerulus; bowmans capsule; renal tubule
humans reabsorb all ______ and _____ ______ from the filtrate
glucose and amino acids
filtrate will have water, nutrients (_______ and ______ ______), ions (_____ and _______), and wastes (______ and ______ ______)
glucose and amino acids sodium and chloride urea and uric acid
indentation of the kidney
hilum
reabsorption of water and ions is greatly affected by .....
hormones
are pedicels impermeable or permeable
impermeable
which type of neurons produce a more of concentrated urine
juxtamedullary
when the loop of henle goes deep into the medulla
juxtamedullary nephron
tubular reabsorption is movement of materials from the _____ _____ back into the _____ ______
kidney tubules; blood capillaries
the _____ filter plasma
kidneys
what are the four components of the unrinary system
kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra
the ureter brings fluid from the __________ to the ___________ ____________
kidneys; urinary bladder
gluoconeogeneis occurs predominantly in _______ but can also occur in _________
liver; kidneys
the distal convoluted tubule is connected to what
loop of henle
what part of the tube descends/ ascends towards/from the medulla
loop of henle
where the minor calyces empty into, where minor calyces merge
major calyces
what is deeper inner region of the kidney
medulla
where collecting ducts end, where renal pyramids empty
minor calyces
what is the functional structure of the kidney
nephron
are there accessory organs in the urinary system
no
glomerular filtration is a ______, nonselective process
passive
podocytes have extensions called ________-
pedicels
kidneys also have a true capillary bed called
peritubular capillaries
_______ is the liquid portion of the blood
plasma
filtrate is formed from the ______-
plasma
________ and _______ are essentially the same in composition
plasma and filtrate
_______ reduce the area that filtration can occur
podocytes
what are the cells around the basement membrane
podocytes
basement membrane repels _____ from leaving circulation
proteins
what part of the tube is closet to the glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
tubular reabsorption can occur in what three places
proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule
outermost layer of kidney, defines the border/ edge of kidney itself
renal capsule
what are three supportive layers of kidney
renal capsule adipose capsule renal fascia
rectangular/ columnar structures between pyramids, inward extension of the cortex into the medulla
renal columns
what supportive layer holds the kidneys to the abdominal wall
renal fascia
what is the flat part of the kidney prior to the uterus
renal pelvis
collecting ducts make up the _______ ________
renal pyramid
what structure of the kidney contains the collecting ducts
renal pyramids
located within the renal pelvis; where all major calyces dump into prior to fluid going into the ureter
renal sinus
peritubular capillaries surround _________ ________-
renal tubule
what is the surrounding of the capillary bed called
renal tubule
JG cells secrete
renin
what production leads to production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
renin production
the male urethra carries both _________ ________ and __________
reproductive fluid; urine
the urinary system also maintains __________ balance which affects the tonicity of the body
salt/water
a collecting duct can connect to ______ renal tubules
several
basement membrane functions in limiting the ____ of what can pass out of the cells
size
juxtaglomerular cells are modified ______ _______ cells located in the _______ arteriole
smooth muscle; afferent
each kidney has a _____
ureter
fluid travels through the __________
ureter
what is tube that carries fluid to the outside of the body
urethra
what is the storage tank for urine
urinary bladder
the female urethra carries _________
urine
what is the same as the peritubular capillaries but located on the juxtamedullary nephron
vasa recta
urinary system regulates blood _______-
volume
humans resorb most of _______ and ______-
water and ions
when getting dehydrated, you use more juxtamedullary nephrons to conserve ______ and concentrate the _______ being excreted
water; urine
