Urinary System

What events may lead to the occurrence of incontinence in the adult?

Neurological disorders. Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, a stroke, a brain tumor or a spinal injury

osmolarity

the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter.

Blood flow through kidney

1) Renal artery 1.5) (some books have Segmental artery) 2) InterloBAR artery 3) Arcuate artery 4) InterloBULAR artery 5) Afferent arteriole 6) Glomerular capillary 7) Efferent arteriole 7.5) Peritubular capillaries 8) Vasa recta and periTUBULAR capillary 8.5) Peritubular venules 9) InterloBULAR vein 10) arcuate vein 11) InterloBAR vein 11.5) (some books have segmental vein) 12) Renal vein

Which of the following statements are correct? (1) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to the pressures that determine net filtration pressure. (2) Angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide help regulate GFR. (3) Mechanisms that regulate GFR work by adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus and by altering the glomerular capillary surface area available for filtration. (4) GFR increases when blood flow into glomerular capillaries decreases. (5) Normally, GFR increases very little when systemic blood pressure rises. 1, 2, and 3 2, 3, and 4 3, 4, and 5 1, 2, 3, and 5 2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 2, 3, and 5

regulates facultative water reabsorption by increasing the water permeability of principal cells in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

ADH

measure of blood nitrogen resulting from the catabolism and deamination of amino acids

BUN test

Compare and contrast the composition of blood plasma and glomerular filtrate.

Blood plasma contains red and white blood cells, blood proteins, glucose, water, nitrogenous waste and salts. Glomerular filtrate contains everything blood plasma does without most of the blood proteins

modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole

juxtaglomerular cells

Trace the anatomical pathway of a molecule of creatinine (metabolic waste) from the glomerular capsule to the urethra. Note each microscopic and/or gross structure it passes through in its travels. Name the subdivisions of the renal tubule.

Glomerular capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting tubule papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra

Explain why the glomerulus is such a high-pressure capillary bed.

It is both fed and drained by arterioles (which are high-pressure vessels compared to venules), and the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole. ...

Define juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).

Macula densa cells of the DCT and granular juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole that play a role in regulating the role of filtrate formation and system blood pressure.

Define ptosis (eyes) Nephroptosis (Kidneys)

KIDNEYS: Nephroptosis (also called floating kidney or renal ptosis) is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up. EYES: drooping or falling of the upper eyelid.

filtration membrane

Membrane formed by the glomerular capillary endothelium, the basement membrane, and the podocytes of Bowman's capsule.

reabsorb Na+ together with a variety of other solutes

Na+ symporters

a secondary active transport process that achieves Na+ reabsorption, returns filtered HCO3- and water to the peritubular capillaries, and secretes H+

Na+/H+ antiporters

Trace a drop of blood from the time it enters the kidney in the renal artery until it leaves the kidney through the renal vein.

Renal Artery to segmental artery lobar artery interlobar artery arcuate artery interlobular artery afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole peritubular capillary bed interlobular vein arcuate vein interlobar vein

What structural modification of certain tubule cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate?

The dense microvilli, especially the PCT cells.

How does the high-pressure condition of the glomerulus aid its function of filtrate formation?

The higher the capillary pressure, the more filtrate will be formed.

Explain the mechanism of tubular secretion and explain its importance in the urine formation process.

Tubular secretion is the process of moving substances from the tubule cells or from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubule filtrate. Tubular secretion is the reverse process of tubular reabsorption. Substances such as hydrogen and potassium ions and creatinine move either from the blood of the peritubular capillaries through the tubular cells or from the tubular cells into the filtrate to be disposed of in the urine. This process is important for the disposal of substances not ready in the filtrate and as a device for controlling blood pH

can be caused by damage to the filtration membranes

albuminuria

stimulates principal cells to secrete more K+ into tubular fluid and absorb more Na+ and Cl − into tubular fluid

alsdosterone

reduces glomerular filtration rate; increases blood volume and pressure

antiotensin II

membrane proteins that function as water channels

aquaporines

inhibits Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

atrial natriuretic peptide

filtration slits

between the cell processes of the podocytes of the visceral layer

Bowman's capsule - parietal layer

constructed of simple squamous epithelial cells. The epithelial cells become cube-shaped at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule.

Bowman's capsule - visceral layer

constructed of specialized cells called podocytes, which wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

10. Hyperventilation results in a. metabolic acidosis c. metabolic alkalosis b. respiratory acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis

d. respiratory alkalosis

drains into a collecting duct

distal convoluted tubule

pores in the glomerular endothelial cells that allow filtration of blood solutes but not blood cells and platelets

fenestrations

a capillary network lying in the glomerular capsule and functioning in filtration

glomerulus

can result from diabetes mellitus

glucosuria

usually indicates a pathological condition

hematuria

lack of voluntary control of micturition

incontinence

can secrete H+ against a concentration gradient

intercalated cells

cells of the final portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle that make contact with the afferent arteriole

macula densa

fenestrae

neither large proteins nor blood cells can fit through them

the functional unit of the kidney

nephron

The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ becasue it excretes ___________________________ wastes. It is also a major homeostatic organ becasue it maintains the electrolyte, __________________ , and __________________ balance of the blood. Urine is continously formed by the and is routed down the __________________ by the mechanism of __________________ to a storage organ called the __________________ . Eventually, the urine is conducted tot he body___________ by the urethra. In the male, the urethra is 8 centimeters long and transport both urine and __________________ . The female urethra is 1.5 centimeters long and transports only urine. Voiding or emptying the bladder is called __________________ . Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary components. The voluntary sphincter is the external urethral sphincter. An inability to control this is referred to as incontinence.

nitrogenous fluid acid-base kidneys ureters peristalsis bladder exterior semen/sperm micturition

produced from the catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle

plasma creatinine

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consisting of modified simple squamous epithelial cells

podocytes

cells in the last portion of the distal convoluted tubule and in the collecting ducts; regulated by ADH and aldosterone

principal cells

What is the function of the fat cushion that surrounds the kidneys in life?

protect kidneys from impact/blow

site of obligatory water reabsorption

proximal convoluted tubule

insoluble stones of crystallized salts

renal calculi

combined glomerulus and glomerular capsule; where plasma is filtered

renal corpuscle

volume of blood that is cleared of a substance per unit of time

renal plasma clearance

enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells

renin

basement membrane

sandwiched between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the Bowman capsule

Molarity

the concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution.

Why is incontinence a normal phenomenon in the child under 1 1/2 to 2 years old?

they don't have muscle control of external sphincter