U.S. Gov. Chapters 4 & 5

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.

-be college educated -have a high median income

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms in Adarand v. Peña (1995), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"narrowly tailored"

What is among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

-Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites). -Segregated neighborhoods still exist.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

-It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. -It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

What is true about affirmative action?

-Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. -Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. -Preference programs have greater support among African Americans than among whites.

What are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States?

-Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. -The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

What are examples of de jure discrimination?

-Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. -A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

The Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann case on busing differed from the Brown decision in that Swann

-addressed the problem of de facto discrimination -applied to many northern communities in addition to communities in the South -sanctioned the use of busing in desegregation -dealt specifically with the issue of busing

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done what?

-been foundational in legal decisions -inspired a hope for eventual equality -given moral strength to diverse movements

What practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

-discriminatory practices in housing -discriminatory practices in mortgage lending -discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods

What is included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

-equal access to the opportunities society provides -equal access to public facilities -the right of every person to equal protection under the law

The U.S. Patriot Act

-grants the government new powers of surveillance -increased the capacity of federal government to combat terrorism domestically -allowed the creation of a phone record-gathering program by the NSA -was enacted in response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, what are reasons for the higher death rate for Black Americans?

-higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension -higher housing density -more limited access to medical care

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in what areas?

-holding high-level political office -holding the top position in corporations

What are current policy issues for Native Americans?

-preserving their culture and languages -preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions -obtaining economic self-sufficiency

For the government to restrict speech, the imminent lawless action test requires ______.

-that it satisfy two criteria for speech advocating the unlawful use of force -that the speech must actually be likely to produce lawless action -that the speech must be directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action

Native Americans

-today number more than 2 million -have a far higher infant mortality rate than the national average -can now teach children exclusively in their native language in schools run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs -are less than half as likely to finish college as other Americans

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including what?

-whites-only primaries -literacy tests -poll taxes

Which of the following amendments contains a due process clause?

14th

Native Americans were denied citizenship in the U.S. until

1924

The modern civil rights movement had a peak moment with the March on Washington in ________.

1963

In which decade did the election of "tough on crime" candidates lead to state legislatures enacting stiffer penalties for crime while also limiting judges' abilities to reduce sentences for nonviolent crimes of first-time offenders?

1990s

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

5

Asian Americans account for about _______ of professionals and technicians in the U.S.

5 percent

Which constitutional amendment protects the individual against self-incrimination?

5th

The average hourly pay for full-time female employees is about ____ percent of that for full-time male employees

65

The right to an attorney is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.

6th

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

95

What has the Supreme Court ruled concerning police use of modern technology, such as listening or thermal-imaging devices, to investigate a subject?

A search warrant is required, just as it would be for other circumstances.

England's ______ gave members of Protestant sects the right to worship freely and publicly. The first Amendment reflects this tradition.

Act of Toleration

The Supreme Court halted the general use of reserved funding in the granting of federal contracts to minority businesses in the 1995 case of

Adarand v. Peña

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

What is true of discrimination against the disabled in the U.S.?

Before 1975, four million children with disabilities were getting either no education or an inappropriate one

Why are black people dying from COVID-19 at twice the rate of white people?

Black Americans have a higher incidence of poverty-related comorbidity factors

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

In which 2014 case did the Supreme Court rule that companies that are "closely held" (only a few owners) are not required to provide their employees with birth control if they object on religious grounds?

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby

The fight to give Hispanic farm laborers better working conditions and wages in the late 1960s was conducted primarily in

California

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

What was the main conclusion of the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller and 2010 decision in McDonald v. Chicago?

Citizens are allowed to own guns for legitimate purposes, such as for protecting the home.

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected to service in a militia?

District of Columbia v. Heller

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

In 1960, the greatest percentage of immigrants to America came from

Europe

What is the description of the plain view exception?

Evidence found in plain sight is admissible even if a suspect was stopped for another, unrelated infraction.

Gideon v. Wainwright is to the Sixth Amendment as Mapp v. Ohio is to the

Fourth Amendment

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

In 1993, a Wisconsin law that allowed lengthier sentences for hate crimes was challenged as a violation of the First Amendment. How did the Court rule?

It upheld the law because it was not aimed at free speech but at actions that were not protected by the First Amendment.

The Supreme Court upheld the forced relocation of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II in which of the following cases?

Korematsu v. United States

In 2010, the greatest percentage of immigrants to America came from

Latin America

In 2020, which state had passed a law requiring abortion providers to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles of the abortion clinic?

Louisiana

Which state has the highest incarceration rate?

Louisiana

What is true of age discrimination in the U.S.?

Mandatory retirement ages for most jobs have been eliminated by law

In which of these cases did the Supreme Court rule that the Second Amendment, with some restrictions, prohibited state and local governments from effectively banning gun ownership?

McDonald v. Chicago

"You have the right to remain silent....Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law....You have the right to an attorney." This is called the

Miranda warning

What about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

What Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo and Pueblo

Which member of the United States Supreme Court wrote in a 2020 ruling on workplace discrimination against members of the LGBTQ+ community, that "an individual's homosexuality or transgender status is not relevant to employment decisions."?

Neil Gorsuch

What is true about slander and libel?

Neither libel nor slander is protected by the First Amendment.

Of the following states, which tends to have larger numbers of Caribbean Hispanics?

New York

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion.

The first woman ever to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court was appointed by

President Reagan

According to the Supreme Court, which is true regarding freedom of assembly?

Public officials can regulate the time, place, and conditions of public assembly, provided the regulations are reasonable

The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision?

Roe V. Wade

Which president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

The constitutional right to bear arms is found in which of the following amendments?

Second Amendment

The first large and well-organized attempt to promote women's rights came in 1848 came in

Seneca Falls, New York

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby County v. Holder

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in ______.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

Which country has the highest proportion of women serving in its national legislature?

Sweden

What Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016?

Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio

What was challenged by Lawrence v. Texas (2003)?

Texas's sodomy laws

What is true of the appeal process?

The Constitution does not guarantee an appeal after conviction, but the federal government and all states permit at least one appeal.

In Schenck v. United States (1919), Justice Holmes used which analogy in upholding the government's right to restrict speech that poses a clear and present danger?

The First Amendment does not permit a person to falsely yell "Fire" in a crowded theater.

How did the Supreme Court's position on the rights of the criminally accused in state courts change in the 1960s?

The Supreme Court began to protect the rights of the accused from action by the states.

What is the purpose of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

They provide that no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

According to Freedom House, which of the following countries has the highest degree of freedom?

United States

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which of the following are true of the inevitable discovery exception? a. It states that exclusion of physical evidence that would have been found anyway has no effect on the fairness of a trial. b. It was developed by liberal justices in the 1960s. c. It prohibits police from arresting someone without probable cause, even if it is inevitable that the person will be arrested. d. It allows admission of tainted evidence in certain cases.

a and d

The importance of listing individual rights in the Constitution is that it gives individuals who feel that their rights have been violated ______.

a basis for taking the alleged violation into a court of law for a ruling by a judge

What action first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?

a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

In following the Eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court has used which of the following tests to determine if an action constitutes cruel and unusual punishment? a. determining whether a punishment is "disproportionate to the offence" b. determining if a punishment is "unnecessarily cruel" c. determining if a punishment violates "fundamental standards of good conscience and fairness" d. determining if a punishment "leads to overwhelming remorse and depression

a, b, and c

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

about a quarter

According to the ______ doctrine, government can aid a religious organization so long as the aid is nonreligious in nature and the government doesn't favor one religion over another.

accommodation

The individual freedoms in the Bill of Rights were extended by the Fourteenth Amendment to include protection from deprivation of due process rights by

actions of state and local governments

A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with _____ requirements.

affirmative action

The central issue in the Bakke case was

affirmative action

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

When can police legally begin their interrogation of a suspect?

after the suspect has been warned that his or her words can be used as evidence

In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the justices

allowed a restriction on abortion services as long as it did not cause an "undue burden" on the woman.

In the case of Korematsu v. United States (1944), the courts ______.

allowed government polices during wartime that would not be allowed in times of peace

The inevitable discovery exception

allows the use of evidence that would have been discovered regardless by other means or through other forms of evidence.

The term civil liberties refers to specific individual rights that

are constitutionally protected from infringement by government

Which of the following statements are true concerning the Supreme Court's decisions involving symbolic speech? a. The Supreme Court has ruled that symbolic speech with a message disagreeable to the majority may be restricted. b. The Supreme Court has ruled that burning an American flag is a protected form of symbolic speech. c. The Supreme Court has generally ruled that government regulation of the nonverbal content of a message is constitutional. d. The Supreme Court has protected symbolic speech nearly as vigorously as actual speech.

b and d

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty? a. The Family and Medical Leave Act has proven to be a monumentally positive action to reduce female poverty. b. Most single-parent families are headed by women and one in four of those live below the poverty line. c. Many single-parent working women without college degrees or special skills find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. d. Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty.

b, c, and d

In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that states cannot lawfully ______.

ban sexual relations between consenting same-sex adults

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

_____ were more than twice as likely to die from COVID-19, in 2020 than _______.

black people; white people

The Edward Snowden leaks about the NSA surveillance program

brought changes in how Americans' phone data was stored for NSA retrieval.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed at eliminating discrimination

by private individuals in their employment practices and in their operation of public accommodations (e.g. hotels and restaurants)

The Second Amendment protects and supports which of the following? a. protection against unreasonable search and seizure b. freedom of association c. the right to keep and bear arms d. a well-regulated militia

c. the right to keep and bear arms and d. a well-regulated militia

In the Johnson flag-burning case, the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning

cannot be prohibited even though it may be offensive

The cases of Riley v. California (2014) and United States v. Wurie (2014) both dealt with the use of what technology?

cell phones

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

Constitutional guarantees that protect citizens from arbitrary government action are known as ______.

civil liberties

According to this test, before speech can be restricted, the government must clearly demonstrate that a citizen's expression presents a very obvious and real danger to the public safety.

clear-and-present-danger test

The USA Patriot Act was passed in order to:

combat terrorism

In the 2014 case of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, the Supreme Court ruled that

companies with only a few owners can refuse, on religious grounds, to include contraceptives in employees' health coverage.

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of governmental interest?

compelling

Concerning symbolic speech, the Supreme Court has generally held that government regulation of the ______ of a message is unconstitutional. (This was illustrated by a Texas flag-burning case; the state of Texas actually burns old flags to dispose of them.)

content

The exclusionary rule restricts the ability of ______.

courts to admit illegally obtained evidence during a trial

In Mapp v. Ohio, the selective incorporation process was extended to include

criminal proceedings in the states.

Al of the statements about Asian American rights are true EXCEPT that a. Asian Americans have not attained a proportionate share of top business positions b. Asian Americans are an upwardly mobile group but are underrepresented in top positions in society due to past and present discrimination c. Asian Americans have the highest percentage of two-parent families of any racial group d. Asian Americans have made notable educational advancements

d. Asian Americans have made notable educational advancements

Which of the following was the subject under consideration in Roe v. Wade (1973)? a. same-sex relations b. assisted suicide c. the death penalty d. abortion rights

d. abortion rights

All the following statements about Hispanic Americans are true EXCEPT that a. they are the fastest growing minority in the U.S. b. they have made major political gains in terms of electing local officials, particularly in the southwestern states. c. they are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be expected from their education and income levels d. their average annual income is relatively close to the national average

d. their average annual income is relatively close to the national average

Equality of result policies are primarily directed at _______ discriminatory effects.

de facto

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

de facto discrimination

Serving the United States in the fight against Nazism in World War II led African American soldiers to ______.

demand their civil rights

In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled that the pursuit of racial integration in public schools through busing

deprived students of their Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

discrimination in public accommodations

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits

discrimination in voting and voter registration

In a 2004 case involving the issue of whether a U.S. citizen accused of terrorist acts is entitled to constitutional protections, the Supreme Court held that such citizens

do have the right to a judicial hearing.

The idea that the state must use procedures under the law before depriving someone of life, liberty, or property is part of the ______.

due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Asian Americans emphasize _____ as a means of achieving upward mobility.

education

The Lemon test is designed to

ensure the secular nature of a government action.

The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruling (1954) held that racial segregation in schools violated the

equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

Which of the following is likely to convince a judge that police should be issued a search warrant?

establishing probable cause for believing a crime has been committed

In Engle v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court ruled against the reciting of prayers in public schools on grounds it violates the ______.

establishment clause

The ______ clause of the First Amendment bans the state from helping religious institutions, whereas the ______ clause bans the state from restricting the free practice of religion by individuals.

establishment; free-exercise

The exclusionary rule states that

evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court.

Freedom of ________ is the right of individual Americans to hold and communicate thoughts of their choosing.

expression

Based on the exclusionary rule, evidence that is illegally obtained can normally be used in a trial.

false

True or false: According to the Supreme Court, a statement that someone makes that ruins a public official's career may be considered libel or slander even if the statement is factually accurate.

false

True or false: Asian Americans are well represented in managerial positions in the technology industry.

false

True or false: In a 1992 cases involving a St. Paul, Minnesota, city ordinance, the Supreme Court ruled that the government can restrict hate speech as it causes "anger or alarm."

false

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

false

Under the Fifth Amendment, suspects charged with a ______.

federal crime cannot be tried unless indicted by a grand jury

The Bill of Rights initially applied to which level or levels of government?

federal only

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the United States, there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were ______.

fewer than 1 million

Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals from testifying against themselves in a court of law?

fifth

Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures?

fourth

The individual right that is the most basic of democratic rights is

freedom of expression

Gideon v. Wainwright required the states to

furnish attorneys for poor defendants in felony cases.

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of _________ classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender

Under which of the following Supreme Court cases did part of the Bill of Rights first become incorporated to apply to actions by the states?

gitlow v. new york

Native Americans were not

given citizenship status en masse until the 20th century

Regarding freedom of the press, the Supreme Court has generally upheld the principle of no prior restraint. This principle means that ______.

government generally cannot stop the news media from reporting a story

The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discrimination action by

government only

In the case of McNabb v. United States, Justice Felix Frankfurter defined the "history of liberty" primarily in terms of whether

governments had observed procedural guarantees.

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.

groups more often fight for civil rights

The supreme court

has generally protected symbolic speech, though less substantially than it has protected verbal speech.

In the 1967 decision in Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court

held that interracial marriage did not have constitutional protection

The case of Carpenter v. United States (2018) dealt with the issue of the warrantless search of data from a suspect's cell phone provider in order to ______.

identify the locations at which cell phone calls were placed

In its 1969 Brandenburg v. Ohio ruling, the Supreme Court established the ________ test.

imminent lawless action

In its rulings in Riley v. California (2014) and United States v. Wurie (2014), the Supreme Court acknowledged that the decisions would ______.

impact law enforcement's ability to combat crime

The Supreme Court has ruled that, despite the exclusionary rule, evidence discovered under a faulty warrant is admissible if the police have acted ______.

in good faith

The Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners should generally appeal their cases first ______.

in state courts

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.

in their states of entry

In Gitlow v. New York (1925), the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights protects ______.

individuals from actions by state governments as well as the federal government

Some critics argue that which of the following have weakened the exclusionary rule almost to the point that it applies only to extreme forms of police misconduct?

inevitable discovery exception, good faith exception, and plain view exception

A law that placed restrictions on courses girls could take in high school would be evaluated by the courts of using the

intermediate-scrutiny test

In 1987 the Supreme Court ruled that creationism

is a religious doctrine, not a scientific theory.

As a result of changes in sentencing policies, the U.S. prison population, per capita, ______.

is the largest in the world

The policy of affirmative action arose when

it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment through the 1964 Civil Rights Act alone or through individual lawsuits

One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that

it is viewed as giving preferential treatment, which is unpopular, instead of simply ensuring equal treatment

Which of these groups is typically more protective of individual rights?

judges

The current standard used to determine whether the establishment clause has been violated is known as the _____ test

lemon

Constitutional guarantees that protect citizens' individual rights are known as civil _________.

liberties

In the case of United States v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court ruled that

male-only admissions policy at a state-supported military academy was unconstitutional

With regard to affirmative action, the Supreme Court in recent years has

moved to narrow its application

How many states ratified the Equal Rights Amendment?

nearly 3/4

In her dissent against Chief Justice Roberts's ruling against a Montana state law providing scholarship funds for students in secular, but not religious, private schools, Justice Sonia Sotomayor argued that

neither secular nor religious schools should enjoy subsidies from public funds

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

nineteenth

Like all other rights, the right of free expression is

not absolute

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must ______.

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group

The conviction of members of the U.S. Communist Party in the early 1950s was initially upheld as a lawful restriction of the right

of free speech

The Bill of Rights protects a number of civil liberties, including freedom ______.

of the press, of speech, and of assembly

The Supreme Court has generally held that those convicted in state courts and who appeal on the grounds that their federal constitutional rights were violated are limited to ______.

one appeal

The attempt to block the publication of material considered to be harmful is known as ______ restraint.

prior

The Supreme Court's position on prior restraint of the press is that

prior restraint should apply only in rare circumstances, and it is better to hold the press responsible for what it has printed than to restrict what it may print.

The right of an individual to be left alone without any interference from others is known as the right to ______.

privacy

According to Gunnar Myrdal, what is America's curse?

racial discrimination

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

According to the establishment clause, the government is required to ______.

remain neutral toward all religions

Which of the following is a key result of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

What was the name of the 1798 law that criminalized any speech or writings critical of the government, Congress, or the president?

sedition act

The process by which the Supreme Court makes certain parts of the Bill of Rights applicable through the Fourteenth Amendment to actions by state governments is known as __________ incorporation

selective

The inclusion of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment, so that these rights are protected from infringement by the state governments, is called

selective incorporation.

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "_________" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are referred to as

slander

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

The Supreme Court has ruled that the right of free assembly ______.

takes precedence over the mere possibility that the exercise of the right might have undesirable consequences

De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others. Examples of governmental actions or public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are

the Brown decision (de jure), and affirmative action (de facto)

The freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and religion are found in

the First Amendment

In the process of selective incorporation, which is the amendment that the Supreme Court relies on to apply most, but not all, of the provisions of the Bill of Rights to actions by the state governments?

the Fourteenth Amendment

In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that enemy combatant detainees were protected by what?

the Geneva Convention and the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice

Which of the following acts of legislation after the September 11 terrorist attacks gave government greater surveillance power to monitor phone calls and emails without a warrant or court order?

the USA Patriot Act

Which of the following had the greatest impact on increasing voting rates by Black Americans?

the Voting Rights Acts of 1965

The movement for women's rights was initially aligned with

the abolition movement

In deciding two 2014 cases involving the legality of searching a suspect's cell phone, the Supreme Court ruled that

the cell phone cannot be searched in most circumstances without a warrant.

The Supreme Court has recently employed the Eighth Amendment to ban what?

the death penalty for the mentally ill and juveniles and life sentences without parole for juveniles

Rioting broke out in 1957 during ______.

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School

What are the religious clauses in the First Amendment?

the establishment clause and the free-exercise clause

According to the Supreme Court, prior restraint on the press is only acceptable if

the government can clearly justify the restriction

In Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) the Supreme Court developed which of the following tests that expanded protections for Americans to voice political opinions?

the imminent lawless action test

The Supreme Court has reasoned that a right of privacy is provided by

the implication of said right by the freedoms in the Bill of Rights..

What is typically more protective of individual rights?

the judiciary

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on ______.

the nature of the job and the performance of a particular employee

The 1977 Supreme Court case that provided guidance on the allowable restrictions on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly upheld which of the following?

the right of an American Nazi Party group to hold a parade in Skokie, a city with a large Jewish population that included Holocaust survivors

Which of the following is not considered a Sixth Amendment protection?

the right to bear arms

Griswold v. Connecticut was a case dealing with ______.

the right to privacy

In Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the Supreme Court justices determined that

the right to privacy does not include homosexual acts.

What constitutional protections were at issue in the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?

the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney

The focus of civil liberties is ________, and the focus of civil rights is _________.

the rights of individuals protected from infringement by the government; equal rights in the treatment of members of differing groups

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

their family structure

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights

through a continual struggle for greater equality

Identify the rights that the federal government is obliged to protect according to the Bill of Rights.

to jury a trial, protection from unreasonable searches, to attorney, and protection from self-incrimination

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

Since the latter part of the busing era, the trend in public schools has been

toward greater segregation

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

true

True or false: The Supreme Court ruled that school administrators have discretion in searching student lockers for drugs and weapons, as they are responsible for student safety.

true

True or false: Women working in nonprofessional fields often cannot find jobs that pay enough to cover child-care expenses as well as other expenses.

true

Which type of household has the LOWEST percentage of families living in poverty?

two-parent family

In Hamden v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of secret military tribunals to try detainees accused of terrorism was ______, as detainees were entitled to a trial affording all the guarantees contained in the Constitution.

unconstitutional

In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court ruled that restrictions on abortion were legal so long as they didn't place an ______ on a woman's right to obtain an abortion.

undue burden

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

The Supreme Court's decision in the University of California Regents v. Bakke case

upheld the principle of affirmative action while invalidating a particular means of achieving it

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

was conducted by Black Americans seeking equality of rights.

In its 2011 Snyder v. Phelps ruling, the Supreme Court held that Westboro Baptist Church protests at military funerals

were a constitutionally protected form of free speech.

The first Asian immigrants to come to America in large numbers

were brought in as laborers in mines and railroad construction

Government can lawfully prevent a political rally from taking place

when it can demonstrate that harmful acts will necessarily result from the rally

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in ______.

winning elective office

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

wounded knee

Libel applies to defamation of an individual's reputation through the

written word

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults