U.S. Gov. Chapters 4 & 5
Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.
-be college educated -have a high median income
In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms in Adarand v. Peña (1995), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?
"narrowly tailored"
What is among the legacies of the practice of redlining?
-Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites). -Segregated neighborhoods still exist.
Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?
-It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. -It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.
What is true about affirmative action?
-Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. -Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. -Preference programs have greater support among African Americans than among whites.
What are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States?
-Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. -The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.
What are examples of de jure discrimination?
-Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. -A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.
The Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann case on busing differed from the Brown decision in that Swann
-addressed the problem of de facto discrimination -applied to many northern communities in addition to communities in the South -sanctioned the use of busing in desegregation -dealt specifically with the issue of busing
The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done what?
-been foundational in legal decisions -inspired a hope for eventual equality -given moral strength to diverse movements
What practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?
-discriminatory practices in housing -discriminatory practices in mortgage lending -discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods
What is included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?
-equal access to the opportunities society provides -equal access to public facilities -the right of every person to equal protection under the law
The U.S. Patriot Act
-grants the government new powers of surveillance -increased the capacity of federal government to combat terrorism domestically -allowed the creation of a phone record-gathering program by the NSA -was enacted in response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, what are reasons for the higher death rate for Black Americans?
-higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension -higher housing density -more limited access to medical care
According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in what areas?
-holding high-level political office -holding the top position in corporations
What are current policy issues for Native Americans?
-preserving their culture and languages -preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions -obtaining economic self-sufficiency
For the government to restrict speech, the imminent lawless action test requires ______.
-that it satisfy two criteria for speech advocating the unlawful use of force -that the speech must actually be likely to produce lawless action -that the speech must be directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action
Native Americans
-today number more than 2 million -have a far higher infant mortality rate than the national average -can now teach children exclusively in their native language in schools run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs -are less than half as likely to finish college as other Americans
Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including what?
-whites-only primaries -literacy tests -poll taxes
Which of the following amendments contains a due process clause?
14th
Native Americans were denied citizenship in the U.S. until
1924
The modern civil rights movement had a peak moment with the March on Washington in ________.
1963
In which decade did the election of "tough on crime" candidates lead to state legislatures enacting stiffer penalties for crime while also limiting judges' abilities to reduce sentences for nonviolent crimes of first-time offenders?
1990s
Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.
5
Asian Americans account for about _______ of professionals and technicians in the U.S.
5 percent
Which constitutional amendment protects the individual against self-incrimination?
5th
The average hourly pay for full-time female employees is about ____ percent of that for full-time male employees
65
The right to an attorney is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.
6th
Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.
95
What has the Supreme Court ruled concerning police use of modern technology, such as listening or thermal-imaging devices, to investigate a subject?
A search warrant is required, just as it would be for other circumstances.
England's ______ gave members of Protestant sects the right to worship freely and publicly. The first Amendment reflects this tradition.
Act of Toleration
The Supreme Court halted the general use of reserved funding in the granting of federal contracts to minority businesses in the 1995 case of
Adarand v. Peña
Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?
Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.
What is true of discrimination against the disabled in the U.S.?
Before 1975, four million children with disabilities were getting either no education or an inappropriate one
Why are black people dying from COVID-19 at twice the rate of white people?
Black Americans have a higher incidence of poverty-related comorbidity factors
Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
In which 2014 case did the Supreme Court rule that companies that are "closely held" (only a few owners) are not required to provide their employees with birth control if they object on religious grounds?
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby
The fight to give Hispanic farm laborers better working conditions and wages in the late 1960s was conducted primarily in
California
What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?
California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.
Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?
Cesar Chavez
What was the main conclusion of the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller and 2010 decision in McDonald v. Chicago?
Citizens are allowed to own guns for legitimate purposes, such as for protecting the home.
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected to service in a militia?
District of Columbia v. Heller
Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?
Equal Rights Amendment
In 1960, the greatest percentage of immigrants to America came from
Europe
What is the description of the plain view exception?
Evidence found in plain sight is admissible even if a suspect was stopped for another, unrelated infraction.
Gideon v. Wainwright is to the Sixth Amendment as Mapp v. Ohio is to the
Fourth Amendment
What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?
He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.
In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.
Indian Civil Rights Act
In 1993, a Wisconsin law that allowed lengthier sentences for hate crimes was challenged as a violation of the First Amendment. How did the Court rule?
It upheld the law because it was not aimed at free speech but at actions that were not protected by the First Amendment.
The Supreme Court upheld the forced relocation of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II in which of the following cases?
Korematsu v. United States
In 2010, the greatest percentage of immigrants to America came from
Latin America
In 2020, which state had passed a law requiring abortion providers to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles of the abortion clinic?
Louisiana
Which state has the highest incarceration rate?
Louisiana
What is true of age discrimination in the U.S.?
Mandatory retirement ages for most jobs have been eliminated by law
In which of these cases did the Supreme Court rule that the Second Amendment, with some restrictions, prohibited state and local governments from effectively banning gun ownership?
McDonald v. Chicago
"You have the right to remain silent....Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law....You have the right to an attorney." This is called the
Miranda warning
What about African American children in the United States is true?
More than half grow up in a single-parent family.
What Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?
Navajo and Pueblo
Which member of the United States Supreme Court wrote in a 2020 ruling on workplace discrimination against members of the LGBTQ+ community, that "an individual's homosexuality or transgender status is not relevant to employment decisions."?
Neil Gorsuch
What is true about slander and libel?
Neither libel nor slander is protected by the First Amendment.
Of the following states, which tends to have larger numbers of Caribbean Hispanics?
New York
Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?
Obergefell v. Hodges
What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?
People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion.
The first woman ever to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court was appointed by
President Reagan
According to the Supreme Court, which is true regarding freedom of assembly?
Public officials can regulate the time, place, and conditions of public assembly, provided the regulations are reasonable
The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision?
Roe V. Wade
Which president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?
Ronald Reagan
The constitutional right to bear arms is found in which of the following amendments?
Second Amendment
The first large and well-organized attempt to promote women's rights came in 1848 came in
Seneca Falls, New York
In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?
Shelby County v. Holder
The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in ______.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County
Which country has the highest proportion of women serving in its national legislature?
Sweden
What Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016?
Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio
What was challenged by Lawrence v. Texas (2003)?
Texas's sodomy laws
What is true of the appeal process?
The Constitution does not guarantee an appeal after conviction, but the federal government and all states permit at least one appeal.
In Schenck v. United States (1919), Justice Holmes used which analogy in upholding the government's right to restrict speech that poses a clear and present danger?
The First Amendment does not permit a person to falsely yell "Fire" in a crowded theater.
How did the Supreme Court's position on the rights of the criminally accused in state courts change in the 1960s?
The Supreme Court began to protect the rights of the accused from action by the states.
What is the purpose of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?
They provide that no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
According to Freedom House, which of the following countries has the highest degree of freedom?
United States
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?
United States v. Virginia
Which of the following are true of the inevitable discovery exception? a. It states that exclusion of physical evidence that would have been found anyway has no effect on the fairness of a trial. b. It was developed by liberal justices in the 1960s. c. It prohibits police from arresting someone without probable cause, even if it is inevitable that the person will be arrested. d. It allows admission of tainted evidence in certain cases.
a and d
The importance of listing individual rights in the Constitution is that it gives individuals who feel that their rights have been violated ______.
a basis for taking the alleged violation into a court of law for a ruling by a judge
What action first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?
a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama
In following the Eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court has used which of the following tests to determine if an action constitutes cruel and unusual punishment? a. determining whether a punishment is "disproportionate to the offence" b. determining if a punishment is "unnecessarily cruel" c. determining if a punishment violates "fundamental standards of good conscience and fairness" d. determining if a punishment "leads to overwhelming remorse and depression
a, b, and c
What portion of congressional seats are held by women?
about a quarter
According to the ______ doctrine, government can aid a religious organization so long as the aid is nonreligious in nature and the government doesn't favor one religion over another.
accommodation
The individual freedoms in the Bill of Rights were extended by the Fourteenth Amendment to include protection from deprivation of due process rights by
actions of state and local governments
A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with _____ requirements.
affirmative action
The central issue in the Bakke case was
affirmative action
Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?
affirmative action
When can police legally begin their interrogation of a suspect?
after the suspect has been warned that his or her words can be used as evidence
In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the justices
allowed a restriction on abortion services as long as it did not cause an "undue burden" on the woman.
In the case of Korematsu v. United States (1944), the courts ______.
allowed government polices during wartime that would not be allowed in times of peace
The inevitable discovery exception
allows the use of evidence that would have been discovered regardless by other means or through other forms of evidence.
The term civil liberties refers to specific individual rights that
are constitutionally protected from infringement by government
Which of the following statements are true concerning the Supreme Court's decisions involving symbolic speech? a. The Supreme Court has ruled that symbolic speech with a message disagreeable to the majority may be restricted. b. The Supreme Court has ruled that burning an American flag is a protected form of symbolic speech. c. The Supreme Court has generally ruled that government regulation of the nonverbal content of a message is constitutional. d. The Supreme Court has protected symbolic speech nearly as vigorously as actual speech.
b and d
Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty? a. The Family and Medical Leave Act has proven to be a monumentally positive action to reduce female poverty. b. Most single-parent families are headed by women and one in four of those live below the poverty line. c. Many single-parent working women without college degrees or special skills find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. d. Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty.
b, c, and d
In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that states cannot lawfully ______.
ban sexual relations between consenting same-sex adults
The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.
bilingual
_____ were more than twice as likely to die from COVID-19, in 2020 than _______.
black people; white people
The Edward Snowden leaks about the NSA surveillance program
brought changes in how Americans' phone data was stored for NSA retrieval.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed at eliminating discrimination
by private individuals in their employment practices and in their operation of public accommodations (e.g. hotels and restaurants)
The Second Amendment protects and supports which of the following? a. protection against unreasonable search and seizure b. freedom of association c. the right to keep and bear arms d. a well-regulated militia
c. the right to keep and bear arms and d. a well-regulated militia
In the Johnson flag-burning case, the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning
cannot be prohibited even though it may be offensive
The cases of Riley v. California (2014) and United States v. Wurie (2014) both dealt with the use of what technology?
cell phones
Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.
citizens
Constitutional guarantees that protect citizens from arbitrary government action are known as ______.
civil liberties
According to this test, before speech can be restricted, the government must clearly demonstrate that a citizen's expression presents a very obvious and real danger to the public safety.
clear-and-present-danger test
The USA Patriot Act was passed in order to:
combat terrorism
In the 2014 case of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, the Supreme Court ruled that
companies with only a few owners can refuse, on religious grounds, to include contraceptives in employees' health coverage.
In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of governmental interest?
compelling
Concerning symbolic speech, the Supreme Court has generally held that government regulation of the ______ of a message is unconstitutional. (This was illustrated by a Texas flag-burning case; the state of Texas actually burns old flags to dispose of them.)
content
The exclusionary rule restricts the ability of ______.
courts to admit illegally obtained evidence during a trial
In Mapp v. Ohio, the selective incorporation process was extended to include
criminal proceedings in the states.
Al of the statements about Asian American rights are true EXCEPT that a. Asian Americans have not attained a proportionate share of top business positions b. Asian Americans are an upwardly mobile group but are underrepresented in top positions in society due to past and present discrimination c. Asian Americans have the highest percentage of two-parent families of any racial group d. Asian Americans have made notable educational advancements
d. Asian Americans have made notable educational advancements
Which of the following was the subject under consideration in Roe v. Wade (1973)? a. same-sex relations b. assisted suicide c. the death penalty d. abortion rights
d. abortion rights
All the following statements about Hispanic Americans are true EXCEPT that a. they are the fastest growing minority in the U.S. b. they have made major political gains in terms of electing local officials, particularly in the southwestern states. c. they are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be expected from their education and income levels d. their average annual income is relatively close to the national average
d. their average annual income is relatively close to the national average
Equality of result policies are primarily directed at _______ discriminatory effects.
de facto
The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.
de facto discrimination
Serving the United States in the fight against Nazism in World War II led African American soldiers to ______.
demand their civil rights
In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled that the pursuit of racial integration in public schools through busing
deprived students of their Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection
The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.
discrimination in public accommodations
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits
discrimination in voting and voter registration
In a 2004 case involving the issue of whether a U.S. citizen accused of terrorist acts is entitled to constitutional protections, the Supreme Court held that such citizens
do have the right to a judicial hearing.
The idea that the state must use procedures under the law before depriving someone of life, liberty, or property is part of the ______.
due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Asian Americans emphasize _____ as a means of achieving upward mobility.
education
The Lemon test is designed to
ensure the secular nature of a government action.
The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruling (1954) held that racial segregation in schools violated the
equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?
equal-protection clause
Which of the following is likely to convince a judge that police should be issued a search warrant?
establishing probable cause for believing a crime has been committed
In Engle v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court ruled against the reciting of prayers in public schools on grounds it violates the ______.
establishment clause
The ______ clause of the First Amendment bans the state from helping religious institutions, whereas the ______ clause bans the state from restricting the free practice of religion by individuals.
establishment; free-exercise
The exclusionary rule states that
evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court.
Freedom of ________ is the right of individual Americans to hold and communicate thoughts of their choosing.
expression
Based on the exclusionary rule, evidence that is illegally obtained can normally be used in a trial.
false
True or false: According to the Supreme Court, a statement that someone makes that ruins a public official's career may be considered libel or slander even if the statement is factually accurate.
false
True or false: Asian Americans are well represented in managerial positions in the technology industry.
false
True or false: In a 1992 cases involving a St. Paul, Minnesota, city ordinance, the Supreme Court ruled that the government can restrict hate speech as it causes "anger or alarm."
false
True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.
false
Under the Fifth Amendment, suspects charged with a ______.
federal crime cannot be tried unless indicted by a grand jury
The Bill of Rights initially applied to which level or levels of government?
federal only
When white settlers first arrived in what is now the United States, there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were ______.
fewer than 1 million
Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals from testifying against themselves in a court of law?
fifth
Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures?
fourth
The individual right that is the most basic of democratic rights is
freedom of expression
Gideon v. Wainwright required the states to
furnish attorneys for poor defendants in felony cases.
In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of _________ classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.
gender
Under which of the following Supreme Court cases did part of the Bill of Rights first become incorporated to apply to actions by the states?
gitlow v. new york
Native Americans were not
given citizenship status en masse until the 20th century
Regarding freedom of the press, the Supreme Court has generally upheld the principle of no prior restraint. This principle means that ______.
government generally cannot stop the news media from reporting a story
The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discrimination action by
government only
In the case of McNabb v. United States, Justice Felix Frankfurter defined the "history of liberty" primarily in terms of whether
governments had observed procedural guarantees.
The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.
groups more often fight for civil rights
The supreme court
has generally protected symbolic speech, though less substantially than it has protected verbal speech.
In the 1967 decision in Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court
held that interracial marriage did not have constitutional protection
The case of Carpenter v. United States (2018) dealt with the issue of the warrantless search of data from a suspect's cell phone provider in order to ______.
identify the locations at which cell phone calls were placed
In its 1969 Brandenburg v. Ohio ruling, the Supreme Court established the ________ test.
imminent lawless action
In its rulings in Riley v. California (2014) and United States v. Wurie (2014), the Supreme Court acknowledged that the decisions would ______.
impact law enforcement's ability to combat crime
The Supreme Court has ruled that, despite the exclusionary rule, evidence discovered under a faulty warrant is admissible if the police have acted ______.
in good faith
The Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners should generally appeal their cases first ______.
in state courts
Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.
in their states of entry
In Gitlow v. New York (1925), the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights protects ______.
individuals from actions by state governments as well as the federal government
Some critics argue that which of the following have weakened the exclusionary rule almost to the point that it applies only to extreme forms of police misconduct?
inevitable discovery exception, good faith exception, and plain view exception
A law that placed restrictions on courses girls could take in high school would be evaluated by the courts of using the
intermediate-scrutiny test
In 1987 the Supreme Court ruled that creationism
is a religious doctrine, not a scientific theory.
As a result of changes in sentencing policies, the U.S. prison population, per capita, ______.
is the largest in the world
The policy of affirmative action arose when
it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment through the 1964 Civil Rights Act alone or through individual lawsuits
One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that
it is viewed as giving preferential treatment, which is unpopular, instead of simply ensuring equal treatment
Which of these groups is typically more protective of individual rights?
judges
The current standard used to determine whether the establishment clause has been violated is known as the _____ test
lemon
Constitutional guarantees that protect citizens' individual rights are known as civil _________.
liberties
In the case of United States v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court ruled that
male-only admissions policy at a state-supported military academy was unconstitutional
With regard to affirmative action, the Supreme Court in recent years has
moved to narrow its application
How many states ratified the Equal Rights Amendment?
nearly 3/4
In her dissent against Chief Justice Roberts's ruling against a Montana state law providing scholarship funds for students in secular, but not religious, private schools, Justice Sonia Sotomayor argued that
neither secular nor religious schools should enjoy subsidies from public funds
Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?
nineteenth
Like all other rights, the right of free expression is
not absolute
The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must ______.
obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group
The conviction of members of the U.S. Communist Party in the early 1950s was initially upheld as a lawful restriction of the right
of free speech
The Bill of Rights protects a number of civil liberties, including freedom ______.
of the press, of speech, and of assembly
The Supreme Court has generally held that those convicted in state courts and who appeal on the grounds that their federal constitutional rights were violated are limited to ______.
one appeal
The attempt to block the publication of material considered to be harmful is known as ______ restraint.
prior
The Supreme Court's position on prior restraint of the press is that
prior restraint should apply only in rare circumstances, and it is better to hold the press responsible for what it has printed than to restrict what it may print.
The right of an individual to be left alone without any interference from others is known as the right to ______.
privacy
According to Gunnar Myrdal, what is America's curse?
racial discrimination
Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?
reasonable-basis test
According to the establishment clause, the government is required to ______.
remain neutral toward all religions
Which of the following is a key result of the civil rights movement?
removing discrimination in voting requirements
What was the name of the 1798 law that criminalized any speech or writings critical of the government, Congress, or the president?
sedition act
The process by which the Supreme Court makes certain parts of the Bill of Rights applicable through the Fourteenth Amendment to actions by state governments is known as __________ incorporation
selective
The inclusion of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment, so that these rights are protected from infringement by the state governments, is called
selective incorporation.
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "_________" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.
separate
Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are referred to as
slander
According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.
suspect classifications
The Supreme Court has ruled that the right of free assembly ______.
takes precedence over the mere possibility that the exercise of the right might have undesirable consequences
De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others. Examples of governmental actions or public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are
the Brown decision (de jure), and affirmative action (de facto)
The freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and religion are found in
the First Amendment
In the process of selective incorporation, which is the amendment that the Supreme Court relies on to apply most, but not all, of the provisions of the Bill of Rights to actions by the state governments?
the Fourteenth Amendment
In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that enemy combatant detainees were protected by what?
the Geneva Convention and the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice
Which of the following acts of legislation after the September 11 terrorist attacks gave government greater surveillance power to monitor phone calls and emails without a warrant or court order?
the USA Patriot Act
Which of the following had the greatest impact on increasing voting rates by Black Americans?
the Voting Rights Acts of 1965
The movement for women's rights was initially aligned with
the abolition movement
In deciding two 2014 cases involving the legality of searching a suspect's cell phone, the Supreme Court ruled that
the cell phone cannot be searched in most circumstances without a warrant.
The Supreme Court has recently employed the Eighth Amendment to ban what?
the death penalty for the mentally ill and juveniles and life sentences without parole for juveniles
Rioting broke out in 1957 during ______.
the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School
What are the religious clauses in the First Amendment?
the establishment clause and the free-exercise clause
According to the Supreme Court, prior restraint on the press is only acceptable if
the government can clearly justify the restriction
In Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) the Supreme Court developed which of the following tests that expanded protections for Americans to voice political opinions?
the imminent lawless action test
The Supreme Court has reasoned that a right of privacy is provided by
the implication of said right by the freedoms in the Bill of Rights..
What is typically more protective of individual rights?
the judiciary
Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on ______.
the nature of the job and the performance of a particular employee
The 1977 Supreme Court case that provided guidance on the allowable restrictions on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly upheld which of the following?
the right of an American Nazi Party group to hold a parade in Skokie, a city with a large Jewish population that included Holocaust survivors
Which of the following is not considered a Sixth Amendment protection?
the right to bear arms
Griswold v. Connecticut was a case dealing with ______.
the right to privacy
In Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the Supreme Court justices determined that
the right to privacy does not include homosexual acts.
What constitutional protections were at issue in the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?
the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney
The focus of civil liberties is ________, and the focus of civil rights is _________.
the rights of individuals protected from infringement by the government; equal rights in the treatment of members of differing groups
What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?
their family structure
What are comparable worth policies?
those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education
Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights
through a continual struggle for greater equality
Identify the rights that the federal government is obliged to protect according to the Bill of Rights.
to jury a trial, protection from unreasonable searches, to attorney, and protection from self-incrimination
What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?
to maintain segregation while claiming equality
Since the latter part of the busing era, the trend in public schools has been
toward greater segregation
True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.
true
True or false: The Supreme Court ruled that school administrators have discretion in searching student lockers for drugs and weapons, as they are responsible for student safety.
true
True or false: Women working in nonprofessional fields often cannot find jobs that pay enough to cover child-care expenses as well as other expenses.
true
Which type of household has the LOWEST percentage of families living in poverty?
two-parent family
In Hamden v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of secret military tribunals to try detainees accused of terrorism was ______, as detainees were entitled to a trial affording all the guarantees contained in the Constitution.
unconstitutional
In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court ruled that restrictions on abortion were legal so long as they didn't place an ______ on a woman's right to obtain an abortion.
undue burden
The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.
upheld
The Supreme Court's decision in the University of California Regents v. Bakke case
upheld the principle of affirmative action while invalidating a particular means of achieving it
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
was conducted by Black Americans seeking equality of rights.
In its 2011 Snyder v. Phelps ruling, the Supreme Court held that Westboro Baptist Church protests at military funerals
were a constitutionally protected form of free speech.
The first Asian immigrants to come to America in large numbers
were brought in as laborers in mines and railroad construction
Government can lawfully prevent a political rally from taking place
when it can demonstrate that harmful acts will necessarily result from the rally
Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in ______.
winning elective office
What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?
wounded knee
Libel applies to defamation of an individual's reputation through the
written word
What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?
younger adults