US Government, Chapters 1,2,3, & 4

Which of the following presidents referred to devolution as new federalism?

- Richard Nixon - Ronald Reagan

Federal grants-in-aid...

....do not need to be paid back.

Article 1 of the Constitution...

...establishing Congress and legislative powers.

Article 3...

...establishing the federal system.

Indian reservations ARE considered sovereign foreign nations, nut are subject to the...

...federal system laws and treaties.

Compared to cooperative federalism, centralized federalism was characterized by...

...greater national government control.

Article...

...how to change or amend the Constitution.

Compared to categorical grants, the use of block grants...

...is less narrowly defined, which means that the recipients enjoy greater discretion.

Every law passed by any layer of American government must comply with...

...the Constitution

Through a series of Supreme Court decisions, beginning with Marbury v. Madison,...

...the authority of the national government has expanded significantly.

Article 2...

...the power to negotiate treaties with other countries.

Article 4...

...the process to add new states to the union.

The 16th Amendment granted Congress the authority to collect income taxes...

...without apportioning those taxes among the states on the basis of population.

Which of the following types of federalism have been a part of the slow and continuous evolution of our federal system?

1. Conflicted Federalism 2. Dual Federalism 3. Cooperative Federalism

Which of the following prompted calls to fix the confederal system created under the Articles of Confederation?

1. Domestic rebellions, such as Shay's Rebellion. 2. Economic problems, such as the national government's inability to collect taxes from the individual states.

Place in order the following major periods of intergovernmental relations in our federal system, beginning with the first type of federalism established in the US and ending with the most current form used: - Centralized Federalism - Cooperative Federalism - Dual Federalism - Conflicted Federalism

1. Dual Federalism 2. Cooperative Federalism 3. Centralized Federalism 4. Conflicted Federalism

Match the Supreme Court decision with the corresponding effect: 1. Gibbons v. Ogden 2. US v. Lopez

1. Expanded national government authority 2. Reduced national government authority

What are some examples of additional rights that have been granted citizens by states?

1. Guarantees of clean air 2. Freedom of expression in privately owned properties etc.

Match the tool used by the national government to expand its authority over state powers with the description of the tool: 1. Mandate 2. Preemption 3. Partial Preemption 4. Federal Grants

1. Legislative clause requiring state and local governments to comply with federal standard. 2. Situation in which national policy supersedes state or local policy. 3. Situation in which states can set their own standards provided they adhere to national standards. 4. Money that can be used for a specific or broad federal program.

Which of the following are typically considered advantages of the US federal system?

1. Numerous access points 2. Accommodation of state-to-state differences 3. Flexibility 4. Multilevel government involvement

Concurrent Powers are:

1. Powers that the national and state governments exercise at the same time. 2. Powers that the national and state governments exercise independently.

Which of the following presidents supported devolution or the return of policy responsibilities to state and local government?

1. Ronald Reagan 2. Lyndon B. Johnson

Which of the following statements regarding regional governments in a unitary system are correct?

1. The central government can eliminate any regional unit. 2. The central government creates all regional units. 3. The central government can unilaterally remove responsibilities and authority from regional governments.

What was the central issue in South Dakota v. Dole?

1. The national government's authority to penalize states that did not adopt a legal drinking age of at least 21. 2. The national government's authority to provide transportation grants with specific conditions.

Which levels of government does the US Constitution recognize?

1. The national governments 2. The state governments

Which of the following are among the enumerated powers granted to the national government by the Constitution?

1. The power to coin money 2. The power to raise an army 3. The power to declare war

Match the enumerated power with the implied power necessary for Congress to fulfill the enumerated power: 1. Interstate commerce 2. Regulated money supply 3. National defense 4. Provide for the general welfare

1. grant charters to companies doing business in multiple states 2. establish a national bank 3. fund the development of fighter aircraft 4. establish national parks

Which of the following governing powers fit within the definition of concurrent powers?

1. levy taxes 2. contract and pay debts 3. borrow money 4. eminent domain

The powers granted by the British Crown to the American colonies did NOT include...

1. trade policies 2. taxation

Which post-Civil War amendment required states to follow due process before compromising individual liberty?

14th Amendment

Which of these represents a level of government most Americans live under?

Answers: 1. county 2. national 3. state 4. municipal or township

The enumerated powers of the national government are listed in which Article(s) of the United States Constitution?

Article 1, Article 2, and Article 3

It provides the greatest discretion for allocating funds.

Block grants

Which system allows a national government to maintain authority within its borders while cooperating with the independent sovereign governments that form it?

Confederal system

Which of the following characterizes the effect that contemporary political conditions have on the functions of the US federal system?

Contemporary political conditions have made it harder for the federal system to work.

What is the primary distinction between cooperative federalism and centralized federalism?

Cooperative federalism grants assist states in meeting their priorities, while centralized federalism grants come with strings attached.

Match each historical phase of American federalism with its time frame of dominance: Dual, Cooperative, Centralized, Conflicted; 1963-1969, 1789-1932, 1970-present, 1932-1962

Dual: 1789-1932 Cooperative: 1932-1962 Centralized: 1963-1969 Conflicted: 1970-present

The Fourteenth Amendment requirement that governments follow fair procedures before taking away a person's life, liberties, or pursuit of happiness is called the:

Due process clause

The 14th Amendment requirement that state governments follow fair procedures before taking away a person's life, liberties, or pursuit of happiness is called the ___________.

Due process clause.

Which of the following statements best represents the American constitutional model of federalism?

Each level is sovereign with the exception of issues in which case the federal level enjoys supremacy.

Which of these descriptions is consistent with a federal system?

Each of the two governing layers holds ultimate authority over different matters.

Which of the following policy categories involves intergovernmental relations between the various levels of the US federal system?

Elementary and secondary public education.

Most mandates focus on what goal?

Ensuring the civil rights and liberties of citizens.

Which law, passed in 2015, devolves education policy responsibility back to states and local school districts?

Every Student Succeeds Act

Which of these colonies adopted its own constitution after the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain?

Every colony

The formula for categorical formula grants includes which of the following variables?

Factors related to the purpose of the grant.

True or false: The US Constitution clearly lays out the specific powers that each level of government enjoys.

False

True or false: The federal government fully funds all mandates.

False

True or false: Categorical project grants provide more money to governments than categorical formula grants.

False. Categorical project grants are for a narrow, specified purpose, whereas categorical formula grants fund broader programs for larger populations.

The Constitution enumerates powers for which level of government?

Federal

It typically requires state or local government to match grant funds.

Formula grants

What has been the pattern of intergovernmental relations for the majority of policy initiatives implemented during the conflicted federalism era?

Intergovernmental efforts are the norm with the national government enforcing its will in some cases, while states voluntary comply in other cases.

Which of the following is typically pointed out as a disadvantage of the US federal system today?

It creates inequalities in services and policies.

Which president governed during the centralized federalism period?

Lyndon B. Johnson

The Supreme Court in Garcia v. San Antonio Transportation Authority overturned which decision addressing the same national policy?

National League of Cities v. Usery

US citizens typically owe which legally required duty or burden to every governing layer?

Paying taxes

How do preemptions affect state authority?

Preemptions replace state and local authority in the specific policy area with national authority.

Recipients compete for money by writing proposal for grant use.

Project grants

The Supreme Court in Gibbons v. Ogden interpreted the meaning of which constitutional power?

Regulating interstate commerce

The No Child Left Behind Act delegated to which level of government the responsibility of creating and paying for standardized testing?

State

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, how can state constitutions alter the rights and liberties of citizens enumerated in the U.S. Constitution?

State constitutions can guarantee more than the minimum rights or liberties in the U.S. Constitution.

Why did the Constitution enumerate fewer powers to the state governments?

State governments were expected to retain much of the authority they already enjoyed.

With the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1789, which of the following had the authority to elect U.S. senators?

State legislatures

Which conflict served as a catalyst for passage of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution?

The Civil War

The US Constitution distributes education policy to which governing layer?

The Constitution does not discuss educational policy.

The use of grants-in-aid by the national government to share revenues and promote national interests did NOT become common until:

The Great Depression

Which critical event led to the cooperative federalism era?

The Great Depression

Why did the colonies eventually declare independence from the British Crown?

The colonies had no formal venue for influencing parliamentary policy.

What was Maryland's primary legal argument in McCulloch v. Maryland?

The enumerated powers under Article 1 do not provide Congress the power to create a national bank.

What was Maryland's primary legal argument in McCulloch v. Maryland?

The enumerated powers under Article 1 do not provide Congress with the power to create a national bank.

Which governing layer retains responsibility for implementing elementary and secondary education policies?

The local layer retains responsibility.

Which phrase best describes the period during which dual federalism was practiced most in the United States?

The national government enforced its enumerated powers while the states enforced their reserve powers.

Why is the necessary and proper clause also referred to as the elastic clause?

The national government uses the clause to stretch its enumerated authority.

Congress receives implied powers through which clause of the Constitution?

The necessary and proper clause.

What is a primary distinction between categorical grants and other federal grant programs?

The process of awarding federal money is competitive.

Under the full faith and credit clause, when a family legally adopts a child in Texas, what happens if that family moves to California?

The state of California will recognize the adoption as legal.

Which of the following conditions is typically attached to a categorical grant?

The state or local government must provide matching funds.

Which level of government enjoys ultimate control of a policy issue requiring intergovernmental collaboration?

The state, federal, or local level maintains authority depending on the policy area.

Which phrase best describes the relationship between the national government and the states within the framework of a cooperative federal system?

The two levels work together in addressing domestic matters reserved to the states.

True or False: Taking property for public use (eminent domain) is an example of concurrent power and authority.

True

True or false: Citizens living in a country with a federal system experience different rights, liberties, and civic opportunities based on based on where they live.

True

Great Britain has which type of governing system?

Unitary

Which governing system allows the central government to alter or abolish subgovernments?

Unitary only

Agreements between states subject to congressional approval are called interstate ________.

compacts

A ___________ is a union where the central government is limited and states retain their sovereignty.

confederation

The process in which the national government returned powers to state and local governments is called:

devolution

Federalism is characterized by the existence of two government levels, each with ultimate authority over some matters, in an arrangement called _________.

dual federalism

Those powers expressly listed in the Constitution are referred to as _________.

enumerated

According to Article IV of the Constitution, which layer of government prevails whenever two or more layers pass conflicting laws?

federal

Which clause in Article IV of the Constitution governs the acts, records, and standards between states?

full faith and credit *(privileges and immunities: This clause requires a state to treat citizens from other states in a manner consistent with the treatment of its own citizens.)

The Articles of Confederation laid out that every state_________.

had one vote in Congress

Interstate compacts are an example of which form of federalism?

horizontal

The best label or description for the obligations and mandates one state can have with another state would be...

horizontal federalism

Concurrent powers could also be called:

inherent because they are defining characteristics of all governments.

A collaborative effort of two or more levels of government working together to serve the public is know as:

intergovernmental relations

Laws designed to protect the health, safety, lives, and property of citizens are called ______ laws.

police

The national government enjoys unilateral sovereign power in which governing system?

unitary

A _______ is an exemption from a condition that is normally attached to grants, such as the No Child Left Behind Act.

waiver