US History Chapter 10

Bull Run

1st battle of manass. 20 miles from DC. Confederacy was outnumbered 2-1. Rebel soldiers held their ground until reinforced and counter attacked the union army. Major psychological setback for Union army which they did not quickly recover from.

John Brown

Abolitionist who led 21 men in attacking a federal Arsenal at Harper's ferry Virginia. His intention was to arm slaves in the south and lead them to revoke. Brown was executed for treason.

Gen. Robert E. Lee

Attempts to win a key battle in the north to draw England and France into the war in the battle of Antietam. Federal troops were sent from DC led by a little known colonel named Robert lee. He attempted to win a key battle in the North to draw England and France into the war. Lee Captured Harpers ferry and then is met by Gen. George McCleallan. His advance is stopped. Confederate. Turned down the position as head of all Union Forces to go back to Virginia. Gained recognition in the War with mexico. One of the greatest generals in American history. Had the ability to predict his opponents move and react precisely with force. Before war he was commandant of West Point Military Acadamy and he came to know many of the officers that would serve beside and against him. He abstained from alcohol, tobacco and profanity and practiced faith regularly. "It is well that ware is so terrible else we would grow fond of it."

Ironclads

Battle between the monitor and the Merrimack. Ended in a draw. Began a new era in naval way. Made all other warships obsolete.

Harriet Tubman

Became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She made 19 trips back to the south and helped 300 slaves, including her parents escape to freedom. a price of $40,000 on her head, but the slaves and Tubman were never captured. Nickname Moses

Jeb Stuart

Confederate. Graduated from West Point and served in Texas and Kansas with the U.S. army, a veteran of the frontier conflicts with Native Americans and the violence of Bleeding Kansas. Participated in the capture of John Brown at Harper's ferry. Resigning when his home state of Virginia seceded. served first under stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah valley but then in important cavalry commands of the Army of Northern Virginia playing a role in all of that army's campaigns until his death. he established a reputation as an audacious cavalry commander.

Chancellorsville

Crushing defeat for the union and high point for the confederacy. Stonewall Jackson is accidentally shot and killed. This is a tremendous loss to lee and the confederacy.

Fredericksburg

Crushing defeat for the union and high point for the confederacy. Stonewall Jackson is accidentally shot and killed. This is a tremendous loss to lee and the confederacy.

Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Gains important victories in the western campaign by capturing the northern Mississippi River. He is recognized by president Lincoln as one of the few union commanders gaining victories at fort Henry and fort Donaldson. He laid siege to Vicksburg to gain control of the Mississippi River. Grant is made commander and chief of all union armies. In 1 month, grant lost over 60000 men. In a few hours he lost 9000. His nickname is Grant the Butcherer. Union. His first contact with the Confederate army ended in defeat. He was blamed for the loss and labeled as a drunk. He was the only commander that gave the union victories at the same time the north was losing the war. Planned to batter the confederacy constantly and if only through attrition to compel surrender " The art of war is simple enough. Find out where your enemy is. Get him as soon as you can and as often as you can, and keep on moving."

Vicksburg

General grant lays seize to city to gain control of Mississippi River. After 44 days the confederate commander surrenders the city. In 1864 grand will be made commander and chief of all union armies.

Antietam

General lee attempts to win a key battle in the north to draw England and France into the war. Lee captures Harper's ferry and then Is met by the northern army of the Potomac led by gen. George McClellan. Lees advance is stopped. 24000 men are killed or wounded in one day. Was important sure to the fact that it made England reluctant to respond to the sloths request for aid.

Joseph E. Johnson

Johnston's effectiveness in the American Civil War was undercut by tensions with Confederate president Jefferson Davis, who often criticized him for a lack of aggressiveness, and victory eluded him in most campaigns he personally commanded. However, he was the senior Confederate commander at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, and his recognition of the important necessary actions, and prompt application of leadership in that victory is usually credited to his subordinate, P.G.T. Beauregard. He defended the Confederate capital of Richmond,

P.T. Beauregard

Leader of the confederate batteries during the battle of fort Sumter. He shelled the fort for 35 hours.

Gen. George McClellan

Leader of the northern army of the Potomac at Harper's ferry at the battle of Antietam.

Gen. William Sherman

Led 100000 union troops to an invasion of Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah. His path led a lot of destruction. Only commander in the beginning that believed that thousands would die and that the war would last several years. Was written off as a fool. Famous for his march to the sea. "I am tired and sick of war. Its glory is all moonshine. It is only those who have neither fired a shot nor heard the shrieks and groans fo the wounded who cry aloud for blood, for venfeance, for desolation. War is hell." "I will not accept if nominated, and I will not serve if elected!"

Gen. George Meade

Led the union at the battle of Gettysburg when his army met lees army. Mead's victory crippled the Confederate Army but he was widely criticized for allowing Lee's weakened force to escape into Virginia. His reputation for caution led to the appointment of the more aggressive Ulysses S Grant as Union general in chief. Mead continued to lead the army of the potomac in a lesser role until the end of the war.

Gettysburg

Lee invades north in attempt to capture the key city of Harrisburg PA(needed supplies). Union army led by General George Meade needs lees army in Gettysburg. In 3 days of fighting there are 51,000 casualties. Decisive victory for the north and lee loses 1/3 of his army. Bloodiest battle fought on American soil. This is the turning point of the war.

Appomattox Court House

Lee was surrounded and outnumbered facing certain slaughter decides to surrender. He officially surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox court house. The civil war is official over with the loss of 618,000 losses.

Charleston, SC

Location of fort Sumter and the battle of fort Sumter

Richmond, VA

Named Capitol of the confederacy. Becomes lost to the union army on April 3, 1865

Jefferson Davis

Named president of the newly formed confederate states.

Iron Brigade

Naval blockade of the south in order to gain control of Mississippi and divide the south in half. It was part of the northern strategy. Richmond VA is also captured.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the American Civil War who founded the American Red Cross.

Abraham Lincoln

Republican Party candidate in the election of 1860 during the civil war. Lincoln won a majority of the electoral votes but only 40% of the popular votes. Southerners aware of lincolns pro northern votes call for succession. Wanted to issue a proclamation to free the slaves in 1862 but waited for a union victory to do so (Antietam)

Savannah, GA

Sherman's March goes from Atlanta to Savannah

Dred Scott/ Decision

Slave whose owner took him from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois, to the Free Wisconsin territory and then back to Missouri. Scott sued his owner for his freedom on the grounds that living in a free state and a free territory made him a free man. The case was appealed to the U.S. supreme court. Dred was not and American citizen. The court ruled against Dred Scott. The court also ruled the Missouri compromise unconstitutional declaring congress could not prohibit slavery in US territories.

Shiloh

Tennessee. In 2 days 24000 union and confederate were killed/ wounded. After the battle, Americans realize that conflict was a slaughter of men and boys. Union- 13000 killed/wounded. Confederate-11,000 killed/wounded.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the residents of a territory should have control over their own affairs--particularly the power to decide whether to admit slavery

Fort Henry

Ulysses s grant gains important victories in the western campaign by capturing the northern Mississippi River. Grant is recognized by Lincoln as one of the few Union commanders gaining victories.

Fort Donaldson

Ulysses s grant gains important victories in the western campaign by capturing the northern Mississippi. Grant is recognized by Lincoln as one of the few Union commanders gaining victory.

Gideon Wells

United States Secretary of the Navy. Although opposed to the Union blockade of Southern ports, he carried out his part of the Anaconda Plan, largely sealing-off the Confederate coastline and preventing the exchange of cotton for war supplies. This is viewed as a major cause of Union victory in the Civil War. Welles was also instrumental in the Navy's creation of the Medal of Honor.

Fort Sumter

Was a union fort in the harbor of Charlestown South Carolina. Refuses to surrender to confederate forces. Confederate batteries led by PT Beaureard shelled the fort for 35 hours. Fort surrenders on April 13th. After the attack of the fort Sumter Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to stop the rebellion. In response, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee succeed from the union. WV breaks away and joins the union.

Copperhead

We're opposed to war in the north. Consisted of Irish and German Catholics who believed the war was an eastern commercial way. Milwaukee wi had one of the highest oppositions to the war in the north.

John Wilkes Booth

Witnesses John Browns hanging. Assassinates Lincoln at fords theater. He was a confederate sympathizer.

Gen. Stonewall Jackson

Witnesses John Browns hanging. He is accidentally shot and killed by his own man at the battle of Chancellorsville. It is a tremendous loss for lee and the confederacy. Confederate. One of the south's most successful generals. After Virginia seceded from the Union, Jackson joined the confederate army and quickly forged his reputation for fearlessness and tenacity during the Shenadoah Valley Campaign later that same year. He served unter Robert E Lee for much of the war. "The patriot volunteer, fighting for country and his rights, makes the most reliable soldier on earth."

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. book stirred strong reactions from Northerners and Southerners.

Gen. Ambrose Burnside

a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he conducted successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee, as well as countering the raids of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan, but suffered disastrous defeats at the Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater

Uncle Tom's Cabin

a best-selling novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852, that portrayed slavery as a great moral evil. It described the severe and cruel conditions of slavery. It sold 300,000 copies in its first year.

Fugitive Slave Law

a law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage

Kansas Nebraska Act

a law, enacted in 1854, that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery (popular sovereignty). would allow slavery above the 36'30' line to void Missouri compromise. The "fire" is reignited over slaver and the division of North and south.

Bleeding Kansas

a name applied to the Kansas Territory in the years before the civil War, when the territory was a battleground between pro-slavery and antislavery forces. More than 200 people are killed. Federal troops are called to restore order. Congressman Preston brooks of South Carolina attacks northern senator with cane on congress floor.

The Underground Railroad

a system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states. Safe houses existed along the routes.

Anaconda Plan

a three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions in rebellion against the Union. Lincoln wanted to issue a proclamation to free the slaves but waited for a Union victory to do so (Antietam). Made foreign countries cautious to support the south. Allowed African Americans to join the union army- 180,000 enlist

Monitor

an ironclad ship used by the North (Union) in the Civil War

Merrimac

an ironclad ship used by the South (confederate) in the Civil War

Harper's Ferry Revolt

attempt by John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's raid, accompanied by 20 men in his party,was defeated by U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. The revolt sent shockwaves through the south. Witnesses to Browns hanging were Thomas stonewall Jackson and John Wilkes booth.

Andrew Johnson*

became president as he was vice president at the time of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination

Gen. Joe Hooker

best remembered for his stunning defeat by Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.

Sherman's March

conducted through Georgia by Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. He traveled deep into enemy territory. Led 100,000 union troops in an invasion of Georgia. From Atlanta to Savannah, Sherman's army leaves a path of destruction that cripples the south "scorched earth policy". "Total war" destroying anything that could be of use to the army.

Stephan A. Douglas

helped to steer the compromise to victory and was the person most responsible for resurrecting the issue. pushed to organize the huge territory west of Iowa and Missouri. Developed a proposal to divide the area into two territories, Nebraska and Kansas. Believed that continued expansion would unify his party and the nation. He supported repeal of the Missouri Compromise. --> Kansas Nebraska act. He was a northern democratic candidate for the 1860 election. He did not win.

Roger B. Taney

most remembered for delivering the infamous majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), that ruled that African-Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the Constitution was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and, whether free or slave, could not be considered citizens of the United States, which created an uproar among abolitionists and the free states of the northern U.S. "Slaves were legal property and no state could deprive citizens of their property without due process of law"

Gen. Philip Sheridan*

rapid rise to major general and his close association with General-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant, who transferred Sheridan from command of an infantry division in the Western Theater to lead the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac in the East. In 1864, he defeated Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley and his destruction of the economic infrastructure of the Valley, called "The Burning" by residents, was one of the first uses of scorched earth tactics in the war. In 1865, his cavalry pursued Gen. Robert E. Lee and was instrumental in forcing his surrender at Appomattox.

George PIckett

remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

John Breckinridge

serving in the U.S. Senate at the outbreak of the Civil War, he was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He remains the only Senator of the United States convicted of treason against the United States of America by the Senate. allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Personal Liberty Laws

statutes, passed in nine Northern states in the 1850's that forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed jury trials for fugitive slaves

Conscription

the drafting of citizens for military service

Nativism

the favoring of the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants

Free Soil

the free soil party was a political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories

Republican Party

the modern political party that was formed in 1854 by opponents of slavery in the territories. Formed in Ripon Wisconsin. Defenders of northern interests. "Free soil, free labor, free speech, free men" election of 1856.

Preston Brooks

told Sumner that his speech was a libel on South Carolina and Mr. Butler. He hit Sumner on the head with his cane until it broke on the congress floor.

Succession

transfer of rights, obligations, and/or property from a previously well-established prior state (the predecessor state) to the new one (the successor state). South Carolina became the first state to succeed from the union. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas follow. They declare themselves the confederate states of America.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for the United States Senate from Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. At the time, U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were trying for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. Although Illinois, itself, was a free state, the main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery in the United States.