Week 1 Homework

Amphibians

Adults live on land, but reproduction is still tied to water

nucleus

All protists are highly organized eukaryotes, and therefore possess a ____ heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotic nucleus nucleoid region , which contains the DNA, and specialized membrane-bound organelles.

backbone coeloms organ systems

All vertebrates have __________. Select all that apply.

Flowering plants

Angiosperms only

Nonvascular plants

Bryophytes only

Jurassic

Dinosaurs diversify; first birds; first flowering plants; 145-199 MYA

Nonvascular plants

Dominant gametophyte generation

Vascular plants

Dominant sporophyte generation

Precambrian

Earth forms and life begins; 4.6 BYA—630 MYA

Quaternary

Evolution and age of modern humans; human activity influences plant and animal diversity; significant extinction event is occurring; 0-23 MYA

Amphibians

Evolved from a lobe-finned fish; the first vertebrates to develop adaptations for life on land

Carboniferous

Extensive coniferous forests form; amphibians dominate life on land; increase in diversity of insects; reptiles appear; 299-359 MYA

Triassic

First dinosaurs and mammals appear; corals and molluscs dominate the seas; mass extinction at end of period; 199-251 MYA

Reptiles

First group of vertebrates to be fully adapted to life on land

Amphibians

First group to develop a larynx and ears to pick up sound waves

Amphibians

First group to develop eyelids

Amphibians

First group to have a three chambered heart

Reptiles

First group to have an amniotic egg

Reptiles

First group to have keratinized skin

Reptiles

First group with well-developed lungs and a heart that prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Amphibians

First tetrapod

Cretaceous

Flowering plants begin to dominate life on land; placental mammals and modern insects appear; mass extinction at end of period, including extinction of the last dinosaurs; 65.5-145 MYA

~segmented bodies and jointed appendages ~well-developed nervous system and a variety of sense organs ~respiratory organs ~metamorphosis ~molting exoskeleton

From the list below, identify characteristics of phylum Arthropoda. Select all that apply.

chlorophyll a and b cellulose in the cell walls alternation of generations life cycle autotrophs

From the list below, identify characteristics shared by all plants. Select all that apply.

~Many medicines used to treat illnesses and diseases are derived from plants. ~Many organisms, including humans, depend on plants for food. ~Plants play an important role in the various cycles, such as carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorous, on Earth. ~Plant diversity is important to maintain stable ecosystems and provide nutrients and shelter to many organisms in the community.

From the list, determine which of the statements are practical reasons why plant diversity is extremely important to preserve. Select all that apply.

haploid/ diploid

Fungi also have life cycle that consists of both ____ (n) and _____ (2n) states, and both sexual and asexual reproduction.

hyphae/ mycelium

Fungi are composed of microscopic, threadlike filaments, called ____ that form a multicellular, fungal body called ____ .

multicellular

Fungi are typically ____ eukaryotic organisms.

saprophytic

Fungi's manner of obtaining nutrients makes them especially helpful in many ecosystems since they decompose organic material or are ____

Ordovician

Further increases in diversity of invertebrates; jawless fishes appear; plants begin to colonize land; mass extinction at end of period; 443-488 MYA

Nonvascular plants

Grow low to the ground

Flowering plants

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Vascular plants

Have roots, leaves, and stems

higher than/ loss

If the rate of species loss is _____ the rate of speciation, then there is a general ____ of biodiversity.

climate change/ greenhouse gasses

In fact, human-induced _____ incomformity global cooling radiation climate change by the increase in _____ greenhouse gases radiation human activities local in the atmosphere is the greatest threat to biodiversity.

mass extinction

In some instances, impact events, such as an asteroid impact, or rapid changes in the environment do not leave organisms time to adapt and leads to loss of many species very rapidly, called

Silurian

Increase in diversity of fishes; first jawed fishes; seedless vascular plants appear on land; 416-443 MYA

Devonian

Increase in diversity of land plants; seed plants appear; insects and amphibians appear; mass extinction late in period; 359-416 MYA

Tertiary

Increased diversity of flowering plants, birds, mammals, and pollinating insects; 23-65 MYA

Vascular plants

Internal tissue called xylem and phloem

eukaryotic/ multicellular/ heterotrophic

Kingdom Animalia is a branch on the ____ tree that contains the _____, ____organisms.

prokaryotic/ eukaryotic

Kingdom Protista is the link between the single-celled ____ eukaryotic heterotrophic nucleoid region autotrophic plant prokaryotic bacteria and archaeans, and the multi-celled ____ prokaryotic multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic fungi, plants, and animals.

Nonvascular plants

Lacks roots, leaves, and stems

Cambrian

Large and relatively sudden increase in the diversity of animal life; increase in diversity of marine algae; invertebrates invades land; 488-542 MYA

Fish

May or may not possess jaws

Flowering plants

Most abundant and diverse land plants

Nematodes

Nonsegmented pseudocoelomates that must shed their skin to grow are a defining characteristic of which phylum?

heterotrophic

Nutritionally, all fungi are ____ organisms that digest organic material outside the body and absorb the molecules released.

Fish

Oldest group of vertebrates

Mammals

Organisms possess hair for camouflage and temperature regulations

Mammals

Organisms possess mammary glands that produce milk to nurse young

extinct

Over time, a species may not be able to adapt to a change in its climate, habitat, or food source, and may naturally go

kingdom

Previously placed into a single ____ divisions within the protists were typically assigned based on whether the organisms were autotrophs, heterotrophs, or saprophytic.

single celled

Protists are also generally classified as being _____ nucleus single-celled heterotrophic multicellular , but also may be collections of cells, that do not form the tissues associated with other eukaryotic organisms.

autotrophic plant/ heterotrophic animal

Protists have the ability to conduct photosynthesis, like an _____ , but also ingest food like a ____ .

Vascular plants

Pterophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

Seed plants

Reproduction is no longer tied to water

Permian

Reptiles dominate life as amphibians decline; mass extinction at end of period; 251-299 MYA

Nonvascular plants

Requires water for reproduction

Annelids

Serial repetition of segments, setae, possessing a true coelom, and well-developed organ systems, such as digestive and nervous systems, are defining characteristics of which phylum?

ingest / cell walls

Several characteristics unique to this kingdom is the fact that they ____ their food and their cells lack ____ .

Flowering plants

Structure used to attract pollinators, protect the embryo, and provide nourishment

sexually

The adults typically reproduce _____

is updated and revised whenever new information becomes available.

The current classification system used by biologists

global

The loss of many species is _____ extant global global cooling local and occurs no matter how well adapted those species were before the event.

motile/ diploid

The organisms are typically ____ and have a ____ dominated life cycle in which the only haploid cells produced by the organism is the gametes.

Slow

The process of speciation is generally a very ____ process, often taking millions of years to occur completely

species loss

The rate of speciation and the rate of ____ shapes the patterns of diversity on planet Earth.

supergroup

Today, taxonomists generated a new level of biological classification, called the ____ , to better explain the relationships among protists.

species loss/ human activities

Today, the rate of _____ species loss local species gain radiation is comparable to those periods of mass extinctions, and ____ global cooling radiation human activities natural events are considered the driving force behind the current biodiversity crisis.

Fish

Vertebral column made of cartilage or bone

Cnidarians are organisms that have radial body symmetry, tissues, and specialized stinging cells, called nematocysts.

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of cnidarians?

Sponges possess asymmetrical bodies and are unlike many other multicellular animals because they do not have true tissues or organs.

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of sponges?

Biodiversity determines the number, variety, and variability of all species in a given area.

Which statement accurately describes the term biodiversity?

Adaptation

___ is a process that occurs to allow organisms to survive in their changing environments.

biodiversity

___ is the variety of species present on this planet.

Speciation

____ is the ultimate source of species diversity and occurs over time as organisms respond to changes in the environment.

Fish

lampreys, hagfishes, sharks, trout, or coelacanth

Mammals

monotremes, marsupials, and placental animals

Amphibians

salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

Reptiles

turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and birds