WHII Mini-Boss 2 Study Guide
French Revolution Timeline
1789-1799 - Understand the Picture!
French Revolution
1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent many changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.
Sepoy Rebellion
1857-1858, Sepoys rebelled against the British government after a rumor they were using cow fat in their guns (cows are sacred in India). The East India company brutally put down the rebellion. After this, the British government dissolved the East India company and took over the rule of India directly.
Legislative Assembly
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.
Constitutional Monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. A monarchy under which kings and queens rule under the limits of the basic law; began in England after Glorious Revolution and in France after Tennis Court Oath
Communism
A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Middle Class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
Sepoy
A soldier in South Asia (India), especially in the service of the British.
White Man's Burden
Idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized, poem by Rudyard Kipling that preaches that it is the duty of the white man to civilize the natives
Treaty of Portsmouth
In 1905, it ended the Russo-Japanese War, Japan won and received Manchuria, payment, and control of Korea.
Louis XVI
King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Compare Imperialism in Latin America to others
Latin American Independence (Haiti, Argentina, Venezuela), Spanish-American War, Panama Canal, and Mexican Revolution
English Bill of Rights
(1689) A Bill of Rights written after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which placed William and Mary on the throne of England. The bill created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as the ruling body of the nation. Did not allow taxation without Parliament's consent.
War of Austrian Succession
(1740-48) Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Hapsburg family. Before the death of the Holy Roman emperor, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him but law did not allow a woman to rule.
Napoleon Bonoparte
(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena.
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Led by a conservative Austrian man named Klemens von Metternich.
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.
Edict of Fontainbleau
Louis XIV revoked Huguenots' (French Protestants) freedom of worship, makes it illegal to be a Huguenot, prohibits Huguenots from leaving France, and destroys Huguenot churches
Nationalism
Love for country over a monarch or ruler. People identify with a common culture. Can cause nations to break apart, join together, and/or seek territory.
Compare Imperialism in China to others
Opium War, Spheres of Influence, Open Door Policy, Empress Cixi, Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion
British Imperialism Goal
Promote British trade overseas, gaining natural resources, and expand authority.
Meiji Era
The period of time from 1867 to 1912, where the Japanese created a new form of government. The leader tried to end Japan's problems by modernizing, and sending statesmen to Europe and North America to study foreign ways. This helped strengthen economic and military power.
War of Spanish Succession
The powers of Europe fought against a possible unity of France and Spanish under Louis XIV, which would then upset the balance of power. It was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.
Laissez-Faire Economics
Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.
British East India Trade Company
This company was formed by the English as a successful business, trading Indian cloth and other products in Europe
Indian Independence
This event occurred in 1947 after decades of rising tension between British colonial rulers and the Indian population. Indian nationalist movements, Mohandas Gandhi and his nonviolent movement, the Indian National Congress, and the All-Indian Muslim League all contributed to Indian independence, as did the weakening of Great Britain as a result of its participation in World War ll.
Latin American Independence
This occurred as a result of Creole (Spanish people born in Latin America) leaders resentful of the power and privilege of the peninsulares (People born in Spain/Portugal) spread revolutionary ideas throughout Spanish and Portuguese colonies. Napoleon's war with Spain helped Latin America fight against the Spanish.
Gandhi
This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.
Compare Imperialism in Japan to others
Treaty of Kanagawa, Meiji Restoration, Russo-Japanese War, Sino-Japanese War, Korean Annexation
Battle of Adowa
led by Menelik II, successful resistance in Ethiopia. The result was the Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their nation's independence.
Industrialization
Development of a system which supports machine production of goods
English Civil War
A victory for Parliament that kept England from becoming an absolute monarchy. A conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy.
Division of Labor
An arrangement in which workers perform only one step or a few steps in a larger production process (like working on an assembly line).
Capitalism
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Compare Imperialism in Africa to others
Berlin-Conference, Boer War, Suez Canal, Zulu War, Scramble for Africa, White Man's Burden
Boer War
Boers were descendants of Dutch settlers. Many Boers fled British rule, migrated north and setting up their own republics in the late 1800s. The discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer lands led to conflict with Britain. This war lasted from 1899 to 1902 and involved guerrilla warfare.
Compare Imperialism in India to others
British East India Company, Sepoy Rebellion, British Raj, Amritsar Massacre, Gandhi
Wealth of Nations
British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.
Edict of Fontainbleau Document
Edict of Fontainbleau By Louis XIV (1685) "II. We forbid our subjects of the R.P.R. (Protestants or Huguenots) to meet any more for the exercise of the said religion in any place or private house... III. We likewise forbid all noblemen, of what condition soever, to hold such religious exercises in their houses or fiefs, under penalty... of imprisonment and confiscation. IV. We enjoin all ministers of the said R.P.R. (Protestants or Huguenots), who do not choose to become converts and to embrace the Catholic... religion, to leave our kingdom and the territories subject to us within a fortnight... or, during the said fortnight, to engage in any preaching... any other function, on pain of being sent to the galleys..."
English Bill of Rights Document
English Bill of Rights, 1689 1. That the pretended power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of parliament is illegal. 2. That the pretended power of dispensing with the laws, or the execution of law by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal. 4. That levying money for or to the use of the crown by pretense of prerogative, without grant of parliament, for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal. 6. That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of parliament, is against law. 13. And that for redress of all grievance and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, parliament ought to be held frequently.
Ethiopian Independence
Ethiopia had been divided up among a number of rival princes who ruled their own domains. Menelik began to modernize his country (roads, bridges, school, modern weapons). When Italy invaded they defeated them at the Battle of Adwa (Adowa).
Seven Years' War
Fought both Europe and overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763, resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Committee of Public Safety
Group led by Maximilien Robespierre that took control of France in 1793 and 1794, replaced the National Convention due to threats from outside forces, mobilized the new French republic, decimated Lyons,and had many executed by guillotine. It's rule was known as the Reign of Terror.
Treaty of Portsmouth Document
Introduction The short but bloody Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 was extremely costly (both financially and in terms of human lives) for the two combatant (fighting) nations. Although the Japanese could claim battlefield triumphs, culminating (ending) in the stunning victory over the Russian fleet in May 1905, both nations were eager to negotiate a peace. With the mediation of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, representatives of the Japanese Emperor and the Russian Tsar met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in August 1905. Although the Japanese expected substantial (a lot of) territory (and a large payment) from the Russians, they were out-maneuvered in the negotiations and were forced to settle for more modest (less) spoils of victory. Treaty of Portsmouth (excerpt) "ARTICLE II. The Imperial Russian Government, acknowledging that Japan possesses in Korea paramount political, military and economical interests, engages neither to obstruct nor interfere with measures for guidance, protection and control which the Imperial Government of Japan may find necessary to take in Korea... ARTICLE III. Japan and Russia mutually engage: First. — To evacuate (leave) completely and simultaneously Manchuria (northern China), except the territory affected by the lease (contract) of the Liaotung Peninsula, in conformity with the provisions of the additional article I annexed to this treaty, and, Second. — To restore entirely and completely to the exclusive administration of China all portions of Manchuria now in occupation, or under the control of the Japanese or Russian troops, with the exception of the territory above mentioned."
Child Labor Document
John Birley John Birley was born in London in 1805. He lost both his parents by the age of 5, and he was sent to the Bethnal Green Workhouse. He soon began working at the Cressbrook factory. John was interviewed about his experiences as a child worker at the Mill in 1849. An article on his life was published in the newspaper, the Ashton Chronicle in May 1849. Below is an excerpt from the article. "We then worked till nine or ten at night when the water-wheel stopped. We stopped working, and went to the apprentice house, about three hundred yards from the mill. It was a large stone house, surrounded by a wall, two to three yards high, with one door, which was kept locked. It was capable of lodging about one hundred and fifty apprentices. Supper was the same as breakfast - onion porridge and dry oatcake. We all ate in the same room and all went up a common staircase to our bed-chamber; all the boys slept in one chamber, all the girls in another. We slept three in one bed. The girls' bedroom was of the same sort as ours. There were no fastenings to the two rooms; and no one to watch over us in the night, or to see what we did." Source: The Ashton Chronicle (19th May, 1849).
Thirty Years' War
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with Peace of Westphalia. (1618-48). A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, and mainly took place in Germany.
Jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
Industrial Revolution
Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later spread to other parts of western Europe. The spread was slow due to major wars in Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of energy were used. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.
Zulu
South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle.
Agricultural Revolution
The agricultural revolution was a period of agricultural development between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology. This was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Glorious Revolution
William of Orange (renamed William III) invaded England at the request of its citizens. He overthrew James II and Catholicism along with him., In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.
Maximilien Robespierre
a Jacobin leader who slowly gained power; eventually became leader of the Committee of Public Safety and governed France as a dictator
Salt March
a peaceful protest against the Salt Acts in 1930 in India in which Mohandas Gandhi led his followers on a 240-mile walk to the sea, where they made their own salt from evaporated seawater.