World Geography Chapter 1

Because map projections can distort one or more of the properties of size, shape, distance, area, or direction, the cartographer must choose the projection to use based on the ______ of the map.

purpose

The Robinson projection produces minor _______, particularly in the _____ areas that appear flattened on the map. The sizes and shapes near the ______ and ______ edges of the map are accurate, and outlines of the continents appear much as they do on the ______.

distortions; polar; eastern; western; globe

Cartographers convert the three-dimensional globe image onto a flat map by creating a ______ _____.

map projection

Longitude lines, also called _______, are lines that connect the ______ and _____ Poles.

meridians; north; south

All points on Earth are located in _____ of the four hemispheres: north or south and east or west.

two

Winkel Tripel projections provide a good balance between overall _____ and _____ of land areas shown.

size; shape

absolute location

the exact position of a place on the Earth's surface

Mercator projections show _____ direction making it useful for ______navigation.

true; sea

When the curves of a globe become straight or only slightly curved lines on a map, ______ occurs in ______, _____, _____, or ______.

Distortion; shape; distance; area; direction

Globes accurately display all these properties because...?

It is 3D and round

This type of projection is most accurate at the ______ because shapes and distances are increasingly distorted when moving away from the Equator and toward the _____.

Equator; Poles

Winkel Tripel map projections cannot be used to determine precise ________, ______, or ______ ______ ______ _____ _____.

distances; sizes, shapes of specific global features

planar projection

a map created by projecting an image of the Earth onto a geometric plane

map projection

a mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map

A planar projection is also known as an ______ _______.

azimuthal projection

great circle route

an imaginary line that follows the curve of the Earth and represents the shortest distance between two points

The Equator is defined as ____ degrees latitude, the North Pole as ____° N, and the South Pole as ____° S.

0; 90;90

For a more precise reading of a location, a degree is divided into _____ _____. Each minute is then divided into ____ ______ just as hours and minutes on a clock are divided to provide a more exact time.

60 minutes; 60 seconds

The Northern Hemisphere includes any location north of the Equator up to ____° N, while the Southern Hemisphere includes any location south of the Equator up to _____° S.

90; 90

The string will form an arc that is part of a great circle, what is the great circle?

An imaginary line that follows the Earth's curvature

A globe is a scale model of the Earth that depicts properties such as...?

Area, distance, and direction

Mapmakers are called...?

Cartographers

Locations east of the Prime Meridian are identified as part of the _______ ______, and locations west of the Prime Meridian as part of the ________ ______.

Eastern Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere

______ ________ ______-______ projection resembles a globe that has been ____ _____ and laid flat.

Goode's Interrupted Equal-Area; cut apart

A _______ projection is a common example of a _____ projection.

Mercator; cylindrical

Because a planar projection is most accurately represented from its center, it is often used for maps of the ______.

Poles

The longitude line located 180° from the ______ ______, on the opposite side of the Earth, is called the _______ _______ ______.

Prime Meridian; International Date Line

A map is a flat representation of all or part of the planet. But, unlike globes, maps cannot show all the...?

Properties accurately

A _______ projection looks similar to a _____ _____ projection, although its east-west projections run in a _____ line.

Robinson; Winkel Tripel; straight

______ is relatively accurate on conic projections, and straight lines drawn on them approximate _____ _____ ____ if distances are not great.

Shape; great circle routes

A straight line of true direction on a map is not always the ______ distance between two points on Earth.

Shortest

To find the actual shortest distance between any two places you have to....?

Stretch a piece of string around a globe from one point to another.

Mapmakers, use mathematical formulas to transfer information from the ______ ______ to the ______ ______ .

Three-dimensional globe; two-dimensional map

World maps used for general reference use the ______ _______ projection.

Winkel Tripel

conic projection

a map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model

cylindrical projection

a map created by projecting Earth's image onto a cylinder

An _______ location is an exact ______ ______ derived from the latitude and longitude lines that intersect at that place.

absolute; global address

Great circle routes are useful because they indicate _____ _____ between two locations.

actual distance

A ______ projection is the Earth's surface projected onto a map formed into a _____.

conic; cone

A cylindrical projection is based on how a map would look if the globe was projected onto a ______.

cylinder

While globes are useful for portraying the entire Earth, their ability to display _____ features of a particular _____ are limited.

detailed; region

Meridian lines located east of the Prime Meridian are identified as _____ ______, and lines located west are known as ______ ______.

east longitude; west longitude

Although latitude run in an _____-______-_____ direction, it measures distance to the ______ and ______ of the Equator.

east-to-west; north; south

The Prime Meridian and International Date Line split the globe into _____ and ____ halves.

east; west

There are many kinds of map projections, some with _____ names and some named after the _______ who developed them.

general; cartographer

Both globes and maps use a ______ ______ in order to form a pattern of lines that cross one another. These patterns are used to help find the _______ of places on the Earth's surface.

grid system; location

Maps, however, are useful for showing more _____ information.

in-depth

Although GIE-A projection shows the true size and shape of Earth's ________, distances between land features are generally ______.

landmasses; distorted

Lines of _______, or parallels, circle the Earth ______ to the Equator.

latitude; parallel

Parallels north of the Equator are called ______ _____. Parallels south of the Equator are called ______ _____.

north latitude; south latitude

Although longitude runs in a ______-_____-______ direction, but they measure distance _____ and _____ of the ______ ______, which is identified as _____° longitude.

north-to-south; east; west; Prime Meridian, 0

Meridians run ________ to the lines of latitude, and they also use the measurement of degrees.

perpendicular

Three major categories of map projections are _____, ______, and _____.

planar; cylindrical; conic

A planar projection shows the Earth centered in such a way that a straight line coming from the center to any other point represents the ______ ______.

shortest distance

Great circle routes therefore mark the ______ ______ that an object can travel between two points.

shortest distance