Worst Microbio quizlit for SV

- Gram positive, Clubbed shaped bacilli, palisades arrangement, metachromatic granules - local infection - Sore throat, low fever, lack appetite - inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils - forms pseudomembranes which can cause deadly asphyxiation

what are the general characteristics of Corynebacterium diphtheria

Nose

Name infection site Rhinitis

Trachea

Name infection site Tracheitis

1. Bacterium produces and releases endotoxin 2. exotoxin binds to host cell receptors 3. A-B Exotoxin enters by endocytosis 4. Toxin encloses pinched off portion of plasma membrane during pinocytosis 5. A-B toxin seperates. A alters cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis. While the B - component is released from host cell Causing heart Failure and nerve atrophy

Toxic Diptheria

Transmission - discharge from coughing and sneezing More commonly though is through contaminated hands Treatment/prevention Anything that involves nasal decongestant,antihistamines, and analgesics Wash hands and be care with your boogers

Transmission, Symptoms, Therapy, and Prevention of the common cold.

Changes to one's genetic material Spontaneously occur often in all organisms Mutagens can cause mutations to occur more often chemicals /UV light Substitution mutations - when one particular nucleotide is switched or changed. Missense when one amino acid is changed as a result of the mutation causing the structure and function to be altered Nonsense - accidentally encoding a stop codon from the switch Frameshift mutations - Insert or delete nucleotides. More dangerous. Changed every amino acid after insertion. Insertion Deletion Excision repair enzymes can repair mutation. Cuts out damaged dna rna polymerase replaces it. Ligase seals fixture.

Understand how mutations in the DNA affect the structure and function of a protein

Metabolism - all chemical and physical workings of a cell Anabolism - biosynthesis; forms larger molecules from smaller molecules; requires energy input Catabolism - degradation; breaks bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy

Understand terms like metabolism, anabolism, catabolism

Transcription is making an RNA copy from DNA. there are 3 specifically being made. T RNA - transfer RNA Translates M RNA messenger RNA Transfers R RNA ribosomal RNA Synthesizes proteins The enzyme that does Transcription is the RNA polymerase Reads DNA and synthesizes complementary antiparallel strand of RNA. C-G Promoter -where transcription starts. Sequence in DNA where RNA polymerase can bind to. Termination sequence - code where transcription stops and mrna is created

Understand the process of transcription including the roles of the promoter, RNA Polymerase and the termination sequence

- Gram positive, spore forming anaerobic bacillus - pseudomembranous colitis - This disease is transmitted via the fecal - oral route. The organism will be ingested in its vegetative state or as spores

Clostridium difficile- know gram stain reaction, morphology, special characteristics and/or virulence factors, transmission

- an endospore-forming gram-positive bacilli that is a common soil microbe that can be an airborne and dust-borne contaminant. - multiplies very readily in cooked foods, most notably fried rice. - produces two exotoxins, one of which causes an emetic (or vomiting) disease, the other causes a diarrheal-type disease.

(Acute Diarrhea) Know gram stain reaction, morphology, the exotoxins they produce, and what foods are associated with each:Bacillus cereus

- endospores of this gram positive bacillus can also contaminate many kinds of foods. - meat dishes, stews and gravies - enterotoxin that acts upon the epithelial cells of the small intestines, causing watery diarrhea,

(Acute Diarrhea) Know gram stain reaction, morphology, the exotoxins they produce, and what foods are associated with each:Clostridium perfringens

- The Staph enterotoxin is heat-stable; inactivation requires 100 degrees C for at least 30 minutes. - processed meats, chicken salad, and ham - Gram-positive bacterium forming irregular clusters of cocci

(Acute Diarrhea) Know gram stain reaction, morphology, the exotoxins they produce, and what foods are associated with each:Staphylococcus aureus

Bacterial - swollen uvula , white spots, red swollen tonsils,reddish throat, grayish tongue Viral - Red swollen tonsils, throat redness

Be able to differentiate between viral throat symptoms versus bacterial infection symptoms.

Genome constantly changes. Causing new strains of the flu to develop. Immunity to one strain does not protect a person to other strains.

Be able to explain why we need a new flu vaccine every year.

Both use Ribosomes Both use RNA Polymerase Structure of a cell differs. While Euk carries DNA in the nucleus. Prokaryotes carries DNA in its Cytoplasm next to the ribosomes. TRanscription and TRanslation can happen at the same time in prokaryotes. Introns/Exons Introns(non coding sequence) are sprinkled among exons(coding sequence) Eukaryotes have to go through an extra step to release introns and glue the exons Prokaryotes do not have to do this. Instead they carry Operons. Prokaryotes do Transcription and Translation faster due to this

Be familiar with the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene expression (transcription and translation)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (1st most common cause) Haemophilus influenzae (second most common cause)

Causes of otitis media

Anaerobic Respiration- No oxygen present in glycolysis causes the cells to undergo fermentation. As a result pyruvate stays with in the cell and creates lactic acid and ethyl alcohol. This process is done to save NADH for cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration - contains oxygen in its glycolysis cycle and creates more ATP - Krebs cycle - ETC

Compare and contrast Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation

(DTaP vaccine)

Corynebacterium diphtheria Prevention

Droplets , direct contact and fomites

Corynebacterium diphtheria transmission

These viruses are quite different in their structure, transmission and severity but they are grouped together as "hepatitis viruses" simply because they infect the liver. Jaundice can be a symptom of hepatitis. Jaundice results from the lack of liver function which means that old RBCs and their components are left in the blood and tissues. One of the components in these RBCs is bilirubin, a yellow pigment which deposits into the fat of the skin and the whites of the eyes when it's not properly processed and removed by the liver

Describe hepatitis and the symptoms of hepatitis (jaundice). How do the viruses/disease vary?

aenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm) Acquired through poorly cooked beef containing the cysticerci Larvae then hatch in the intestines and mature into the happy tapeworm Adult beef tapeworms remain in the intestines Taenaisis - intestinal infection that is asymptomatic to mild. Mild - diarrhea and a great way for weight loss! The way to diagnosis this is through its brown thick walled spherical eggs Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm) Same life cycle and Saginata however this is through poorly cooked pork and such. Larvae then hatch in the intestines and mature into the happy tapeworm Cysicercosis - infection via eggs. Larvae hatch and migrate into different parts of the body where they encysted in the muscle,bladder, eyes, and brain. Which sounds absolutely terrifying.

Describe the transmission, life cycle, signs and symptoms, diagnostics of the Intestinal Worms. (Beef Tapeworm) (Pork Tapeworm)

Electron Transport system FADH and NADH both donate a hydrogen becoming FAD and NAD Electrons from NADH and FADH2 provide the energy for the electron pumps Hydrogen protons are transferred out of the membrane but will re enter in ATP synthase The two hydrogen atoms pick up an oxygen atom along the way becoming H2O 34 atp made here Cumulatively from all cycles 38 ATP is made

Electron Transport Chain

- Noninvasive and causes severe diarrhea due to heat labile toxin and heat stable toxin. These stimulate secretions and fluid loss

Escherichia coli - For the enteric bacteria, know which are invasive bacteria? Know the mechanism of actions of the enterotoxins.

If untreated, the receding gums can expose pockets of varying depths alongside the teeth, causing the inflammation to spread to bone and other deeper tissues, leading to periodontitis. As this grows deeper your teeth will be more likely to fall out. Other signs of periodontal disease are the formation and buildup of calculus (plaque that has become calcified to produce a hard and porous substance). The presence of calculus leads to inflammation and bacterial disease progression. In the picture below, calculus can be seen in the tartar region.

Fusobacterium & Porphyromonas gingivalis - Know how they contribute to periodontal disease.

- a curved, spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacilli with a lophotrichous flagellar arrangement - spread through the oral-oral or fecal-oral route. - ecrete urease which hydrolyzes stomach urea to produce an alkaline ammonia cloud. This cloud neutralizes stomach acid and protects the pathogen as it makes its way through the stomach

Helicobacter pylori - Know gram stain reaction, morphology, virulence factors, and distinguishing characteristics.

Helicobacter pylori is Implicated in 90% of stomach and duodenal ulcers (also called peptic ulcers)

Helicobacter pylori - What is this organism specifically known for causing?

- Outbreaks have been associated with air conditioning units, misters, hot tubs When aerosolized droplets of contaminated water are inhaled, it can result in Legionnaires' disease which presents with a high fever, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain and possibly, pneumonia Legionnaires' disease is not contagious

How do people acquire Legionnaires disease? Is it contagious?

If S. pneumoniae moves from the normal flora location of the nasopharynx into the lungs, it can cause pneumonia. This is why this species is often called pneumococcus.

How do people acquire pneumonia from this bacterium?

Upper Respiratory system Lower Respiratory system

How is the respiratory system divided?

Pneumonia, in itself, is not contagious, but the germs that cause it often are Higher risk applies to those who have weaker immune systems.

Is pneumonia contagious? Who is at higher risk?

- caused by Bordetella pertussis, a small gram negative coccobacillus - B. pertussis produces fimbriae like adhesion molecules that allow it to find and bind to the ciliated cells that line the upper respiratory tract. - B. pertussis also produces exotoxins that destroy and remove the ciliated cells. Without these cells, mucus will build up in the lungs and block the airways. - Whooping cough (also known as pertussis or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease. Initially, symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough. - DTap vaccine

Know basic characteristics of Bordetella pertussis (gram reaction, shape, virulence factor) and disease pertussis (whooping cough) including tissues affected, major symptoms, vaccine

an acid-fast bacillus that has a tendency to grow in cords. They do not produce exotoxins or enzymes characteristic of other bacterial pathogens. Instead, the ability to produce the cord-like colonies is used as an indicator of virulence.

Know basic characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast, cords) and disease.

Gram + cocci in chains Can cause a variety of infections like cellulitis , erysipelas, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis Carried as normal flora 15% of humans Transmitted via droplets and direct contact Strict parasite beta hemolytic Inhabits throat, nasopharynx occasionally skin Surface antigens C-carbohydrates M-proteins (fimbriae) Enzymes Streptokinase Hyaluronidase Toxins Hemolysins Erythrogenic

Know general characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes and strep throat.

The main cause of dental caries are oral alpha-hemolytic viridans streptococci such as Streptococcus mutans. But your mouth is full of different bacteria which form of plaque develops on your teeth. They thrive on any sugary substances introduced to your mouth. The sugar is converted into acid which consumes your teeth enamel. Prevention- Regularly brush and floss ya nasties

Know how dental caries develop and the main cause. How can they be prevented?

Humans are the only reservoir and transmission is via salivary and respiratory secretions. Symptoms of a mumps infection includes fever, malaise, and inflammation of the salivary glands - MMR vaccine

Mumps Virus - Viral characteristics. Transmission, symptoms, and best form of prevention.

Epiglotis

Name infection site Epiglottitis

larynx

Name infection site Laryngitis

Pharynx

Name infection site Pharyngitis(its a sore throat)

1. Sin Nombre Hantaviruses are enveloped, RNA viruses (shown below) that belong to the Bunyaviridae family. In the U.S., the only hantavirus is the Sin Nombre virus (Sin Nombre is Spanish for the "nameless virus"). The Sin Nombre hantavirus is carried in the gastrointestinal tract of wild rodents in the southwest and is transmitted via inhalation of dried rodent urine/feces in dust. it was breathing in rodent wastes from cabins in Yosemite that sparked the outbreak of acute respiratory distress syndrome in that famous national park. 2. SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by a Coronavirus. referred to as the SARS-associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The illness spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. The SARS-coronavirus originated in bats and previously infected only palm civets and ferret badgers. Consumption of civets by humans in China selected for mutations that expanded the virus host range and facilitated human transmission. From there, the virus was able to be transmitted through droplet or direct contact from human to human. Symptoms of SARS included fever, body ache, and malaise. Patients may or may not experience respiratory symptoms with breathing problems but severe cases could result in respiratory distress and death. 3. MERS - Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome More recently, a new strain of Coronavirus called MERS-CoV has emerged in the Middle East. Most people infected with MERS-CoV develop severe acute respiratory illness, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Like SARS, this novel coronavirus had proved just as deadly. Watch the video below for a good overview of MERS-CoV. MERS is caused by a corona virus which infects humans and animals Same class that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) MERS was first detected in april 2012, half of cases causes death Severe symptoms: pneumonia, diarrhea, kidney failure, death origin : MIDDLE EAST 2014, US and europe had one mild infection May have originated from domesticated animals Most strains of coronavirus are mild, some cause the common cold, MERS is dangerous to humans because it is new, no specific treatment, spread of virus is very slow

Know the 3 examples of viruses causing ARDS and general differences between them

Norovirus The stomach bug Rotavirus Adenovirus

Know the 3 viruses that cause gastroenteritis

Legionella pneumophila is a pretty unusual organism when it comes to lung infections because it is acquired through the inhalation of contaminated water droplets. This Gram negative bacillus is a strict aerobe that grows in close association with an amoeba in lots of freshwater environments including ponds, pools, cooling towers and air conditioning units.

Know the basic characteristics of Legionella pneumophila.

S. pneumoniae is a Gram positive cocci that forms diplococci and short chains. It can cause ear infections (otitis media) when it passes through the Eustachian tube into the middle ear and it can cause meningitis when it gets into the cerebral spinal fluid .

Know the basic characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Orthomyxovirus (family) Enveloped, segmented ssRNA genome Types A, B,C Type A and B most commonly infect humans C is rare to infect humans and is more severe Viral life cycles Influenza segmented genome complicates the packaging of new viruses If more than 1 flu virus infects the cell, the genome segments could get mixed up during packaging Virus life cycle: Virus enters uses its spikes to bind to host cell receptor Hemoglobin binds to mucosal cells of respiratory tract Influenza Genetic changes Genomes constantly changes Antigenic drift- happens to all organisms, mutations that happen periodically, low-level mutation rate Eukaryotes have defense mechanism to get rid of mutations, viruses dont have repair mechanism which means there antigenic drift is high Antigenic shift-Influenza has a high mutation rate because of segmented genome and antigenic shift, the mixing of 2 different INfluenza viruses to create new combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Know the basic structure and replication cycle (ssRNA virus, segmented genome, HN proteins) of influenza.

Replication - Replicating DNA, Daughter cells have a copy of the DNA's genome Transcription is where the enzyme RNA Polymerase copies a gene from the DNA and the copy is made of mRNA (messenger RNA.) Translation is where the mRNA is used to make a protein. This happens on the ribosomes and relies on tRNAs (transfer RNAs) reading the mRNA and bringing in amino acids (the building blocks of proteins.)

Know the difference between Replication, Transcription and Translation

Pneumonia- inflammation in lung caused by infection Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung infection in which fluid and pus can enter the lung alveoli. A number of different microbes can cause pneumonia. Some of these important microbes are: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Legionella pneumophila

Know the general characteristics of Pneumonia Infections

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O 38 ATP

Know the overall equation for aerobic respiration and and net production of: ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2

Can occur in adults its very common in children. Within the first 2 years of life virtually at least every child has been infected by the virus at least once. Greatest risk applies to prematures babies. Best treatment and prevention possible is to minimize getting the infection at earliest age by reducing exposure to the infected and proper hygiene. Immunize patients with vaccine that prevents serious form of RSV (Synergist), given once a month for 5 to 6 month period throughout the high risk time of year.

Know the people at risk for acquiring RSV pneumonia and what treatment is available for those patients.

Symptoms include severe nausea, frequent vomiting accompanied by diarrhea, and abdominal cramping.

Know the signs and symptoms of acute food poisoning.

1. Histoplasma capsulatum : Most common true pathogen causes histoplasmosis - Grows in moist soil high in nitrogen like bird and bat droppings 2.Blastomyces dermatitidis: Causes Blastomycosis - Found in soil and rotting wood 3. Coccidioides immitis: Causes Coccidioides lives in alkaline soils in semi arid, hot climates, and is an endemic in the southwestern U.S - Valley fever Fungal pneumonia cough fever chest pain, flu-like

Know the three causative agents of fungal pneumonia presented in the lecture video and major differences between them

Scarlet fever (A Rash) -Lysogenic S. pyogenes makes erythrogenic toxin -Bright red sandpaper rash -High fever -Immune response damages vasculature and deadly when untreated Rheumatic Fever (affects heart) -Cross reaction of antibodies made. M-proteins attack the heart muscle -Can cause permanent heart valve damage -Joint damage can happen too Glomerulonephritis ( affects kidneys) - Antibodies made against S. pyogenes from antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in the kidneys - Nephritis develops (kidney inflammation)

Know what complications can arise from untreated Strep throat.

- Non spore forming gram positive bacillus, resistant to cold, heat, salt, and pH extremes - causes listeriosis upon ingestion of contaminated foods which starts with diarrhea and can progress to septicemia and meningitis particularly in high risk groups like pregnant women, immunocompromised adults and the elderly. - Primary reservoir is water and soil

Listeria monocytogenes - know gram stain reaction, morphology, special characteristics and/or virulence factors, transmission

Reduction

Oxidation or reduction for H? Zn + (2H+) -> (Zn2+) + H2

oxidation

Oxidation or reduction for Zn? Zn + 2H+ -> Zn2+ + H2

Invasive and toxins produce H2S hydrogen sulfide

Salmonella typhi - For the enteric bacteria, know which are invasive bacteria? Know the mechanism of actions of the enterotoxins.

Irritability Trouble sleeping Tugging at ears ( from fluid build up in middle ear) Fluid in ear Fever Loss of balance Unresponsiveness to quiet sounds

Signs and symptoms of otitis media

- causes the disease cholera resulting in rice-water stools when the bacteria is ingested in contaminated water or from fecal contamination from infected people. - Comma shaped bacterium that causes cholera - Cholera Toxin causes electrolyte and water loss through secretory diarrhea resulting in dehydration which causes muscular and neurological symptoms

Vibrio cholera - know gram stain reaction, morphology, special characteristics and/or virulence factors, transmission

- Chains streptococcal Gram-positive bacteria species that are either α-hemolytic or nonhemolytic. - Bacteria produces polymers. Polymers make plaque. Plaque ferments are erode teeth.

Viridans streptococci (Strep. mutans) - Know gram stain reaction, morphology, hemolytic pattern, and how they promote caries.

Sinusitis is commonly called a sinus infection and can be caused by allergy or by infectious agents which include a variety of viruses or bacteria. In fact, the same bacterial organisms that cause otitis media can also cause sinusitis (in the same order of most common to least common). Strep P - Hae influenza Bacterial sinusitis is not a communicable disease and infections most often arise from the normal microflora of the host following a viral URI

What can cause sinusitis?

ParaInfluenza Virus (it can also cause bronchitis) - it sounds like a labored noisy breathing. A seal bark cough.

What common cold virus causes croup? How does croup sound?

Causes colds, pharyngitis conjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever

What infections do the adenoviruses cause?

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, life-threatening medical condition characterized by widespread inflammation of the lungs, fluid accumulation, and breakdown of the cells lining the lungs blood vessels.

What is ARDS?

Pyruvates Metabolism Prepares pyruvate for citric acid (Krebs) cycle One of the carbons on pyruvate is oxidized creating Acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) Creates 2 atp per glucose Creates carbon dioxide Nad+ -> NADH + (H+) • For every one chain of glucose each reaction occurs twice

What is made in Pyruvate metabolism

Glycolysis - the breaking down of glucose • One glucose starts the process • Energy (two ATP) is invested • Two pyruvate are produced, plus two (net) ATP, and two NADH

What is made in glycolysis

Krebs Cycle • Acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) enters • Molecules produced per Acetyl CoA • 2 carbon dioxide • 3 NADH + 3H+ • 1 ATP • 1 FADH2

What is made in krebs cycle

ear infection(specifically in the middle ear)

What is otitis media

an inflammatory condition of any of the four pairs of sinuses in the skull.

What is sinusitis?

Mucous - Cilia protrude from the epithelial cells lining the airway and are covered in fluids. The mucous sits in top of that layer carries away pathogens. Temperature - heat exchange occurs inside the lungs. During inhalation air is warmed and humidified. By the time it has reached the trachea it is significantly warmer.

What is the main first line defense of the respiratory tract? How does it work?

trachea , bronchi, bronchioles, and the lungs

What structures are included in the Lower Respiratory system

mouth, nose, nasal cavity and sinuses, the throat (or pharynx), the epiglottis and larynx (or voice box)

What structures are included in the Upper Respiratory system

Rhinoviruses (30-50%) - Most common infection peaks during summer and early fall Optimum temp is 33 celsius Human Coronaviruses - Second most common RNA viruses with distinct spikes on their envelopes Grow best at 33 degrees Peaks in winter and colder part of spring ParaInfluenza Virus - paramyxovirus Enveloped RNA virus with helical capsid 5% common cold in older kids and adults

Which viruses are the most common causes of the Cold? Know from most to least common.

Children

Who is at risk for otitis media