WW1 notes

Battle where poison gas was first introduced:

1914-First- Attempt by the BEF to halt advances made by the Germans. 1915-2nd Battle of Ypres. First use of poison gas by Germans 1917-3rd-British General Haig mounted an offensive against the Germans at the village of Passchendaele Horrible conditions. Line didn't move. 3rd Battle of Ypres-250,000 casualties. Soldiers drowned in liquid mud. Stalemate.

A major factor in the decision of the U.S. to enter WWI was the sinking of the _________:

A major factor in the decision of the U.S. to enter WW1 was the sinking of the Lusitania. A major reason for the U.S. entry into the war was German submarine attacks. After the sinking of the Lusitania and under pressure from President Wilson, Germany had agreed to restrict its submarine campaign. By early 1917, however, Germany was desperate to break the stalemate in the war. On February 1, the German government announced that it would resume unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson angrily denounced Germany.

Passenger liner sunk by Germans:

A major factor in the decision of the U.S. to enter WW1 was the sinking of the Lusitania. A major reason for the U.S. entry into the war was German submarine attacks. After the sinking of the Lusitania and under pressure from President Wilson, Germany had agreed to restrict its submarine campaign. By early 1917, however, Germany was desperate to break the stalemate in the war. On February 1, the German government announced that it would resume unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson angrily denounced Germany. The British blocked any ships carrying supplies into and out of Germany. As the war progressed it was harder to feed people in Germany and to have basic needs. The potato crop failed there too, so many people had to eat turnips in the winter. To retaliate, Germany used U-boats to create its own blockade. In 1915, Germany declared that it would sink all ships carrying goods to Britain. In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lustitania off the coast of Ireland. Almost 1,200 passengers were killed, including 128 Americans. Germany justified the attack, arguing that the Titanic was carrying weapons. When American President Woodrow Wilson threatened to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany, Germany agreed to restrict its submarine campaign. Before attacking any ship, U-boats would surface and give warning, allowing neutral passengers to escape to lifeboats. Unrestricted submarine warfare stopped-for the moment.

Members of the Triple Entente:

A rival bloc took shape in 1893, when France and Russia signed a secret treaty. France was easier to end its isolation and balance the growing power of Germany. In 1904, France and Britain signed an entente, a nonbinding agreement to follow common policies. Though not as formal as a treaty, the entente led to close military and diplomatic ties. Britain later signed a similar agreement with Russia, creating the Triple Entente. When war began, these powers became known as the Allies. Britain and France had been rivals for hundreds of years, and France had invaded Russia during the Napoleonic Wars. Still, these three powers joined together in the Triple Entente because they feared Germany wanted to dominate Europe.

Why did Russia enter the War?:

After receiving Austria's ultimatum, Serbia turned to its ally, Russia. From St. Petersburg, Nicholas II telegraphed William II. The tsar asked the kaiser to urge Austria to soften its demands. When this plea failed, Russia began to mobilize, or prepare its military forces for war. On August 1, Germany responded by declaring war on Russia.

Why did Germany declare war on France?:

After receiving Austria's ultimatum, Serbia turned to its ally, Russia. From St. Petersburg, Nicholas II telegraphed William II. The tsar asked the kaiser to urge Austria to soften its demands. When this plea failed, Russia began to mobilize, or prepare its military forces for war. On August 1, Germany responded by declaring war on Russia. Russia, in turn, appealed to its ally France. In Paris, nationalists saw a chance to avenge France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Though French leaders had some doubts, they have Russia the same kind of backing Germany offered to Austria. When Germany demanded that France keep out of the conflict, France refused. Germany then declared war on France.

Territory between France and Germany. Taken from France during German unification:

Aggressive nationalism also caused tension. Nationalism was strong in both Germany and France. Germans were proud of their new empire's military power and industrial leadership. The French were bitter about their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and yearn to recover the parts of the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine that had been taken in the war

Definition of Conscription:

All of the warring nations except Britain immediately imposed universal military conscription, or "the draft" which required all young men to be ready for military or other service. Britain, too, instituted conscription in 1916. Germany set up a system of forced civilian labor as well.

New weapon used at the Battle of Somme:

At the Battle of Somme, people started using tanks as weapons against each other. This battle was known to be the biggest slaughters in British history because there was the first use of tanks, so more soldiers died from this weapon than they did from actual fighting. The British lost almost 1 million soldiers from this battle because of the tanks and that weapon killed many people quickly.

Czar of Russia:

At the beginning of World War I, Russia's armies performed poorly. In response, Nicholas II appointed himself commander-in-chief, so he could take direct control of the military from Grand Duke Nicholas, against the advice of his ministers. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated by Bosnian Serbs on 28 June 1914 due to Austria-Hungary's annexation of the largely Slavic province. Tsar Nicholas II mobilized Russian forces on 30 July 1914 to threaten Austria-Hungary if it invaded Serbia. Generally Tsar Nicholas II is considered to have been a relatively poor leader.

Austria-Hungary declared war on _________ on 7/28/14

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. The reason why they declared war was because Serbia agreed to most, but not all, of the terms of Austria's ultimatum. This partial refusal gave Austria the opportunity it was seeking. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia.

What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?:

Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 and this annexation made it harder for the Serbs to create the nation that they wanted to create called Yugoslavia which was also known as a South Slav nation. This annexation indirectly led to the assasination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand because this annexation made the Serbs mad.

Why was the Archduke of A.H. assassinated?:

Austria-Hungary has annexed Bosnia and the Serbs wanted to make a country called Yugoslavia, so this annexation made it hard for them to do this. This annexation made them made and did not like Archduke Francis Ferdinand. The crisis began when Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-HUngary announced that he would visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Francis Ferdinand was the nephew and heir of the aging Austria emperor, Francis Joseph. At the time of his visit, Bosnia was under the rule of Austria-Hungary. But it was also home to many Serbs and other Slavs. News of the royal visit angered many Serbian nationalists. They viewed the Austrians as foreign oppressors. Some members of Unity of Death, a Serbian terrorist group commonly known as the Black Hand, vowed to take action. The archduke ignored warnings of anti-Austrian unrest in Sarajevo. On June 28, 1914, he and his wife, Sophie, rode through Saravejo in an open car. As the car passed by, a conspirator named Gavrilo Princep seized his chance and fired twice into the car. Moments later, the archduke and his wife were dead.

Where Francis Ferdinand was assassinated:

Austria-Hungary has annexed Bosnia and the Serbs wanted to make a country called Yugoslavia, so this annexation made it hard for them to do this. This annexation made them made and did not like Archduke Francis Ferdinand. The crisis began when Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced that he would visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Francis Ferdinand was the nephew and heir of the aging Austria emperor, Francis Joseph. At the time of his visit, Bosnia was under the rule of Austria-Hungary. But it was also home to many Serbs and other Slavs. News of the royal visit angered many Serbian nationalists. They viewed the Austrians as foreign oppressors. Some members of Unity of Death, a Serbian terrorist group commonly known as the Black Hand, vowed to take action. The archduke ignored warnings of anti-Austrian unrest in Sarajevo. On June 28, 1914, he and his wife, Sophie, rode through Saravejo in an open car. As the car passed by, a conspirator named Gavrilo Princep seized his chance and fired twice into the car. Moments later, the archduke and his wife were dead.

_______________was used to improve the morale of a country's people in WWI

Both sides waged a propaganda war. Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause. Allied propaganda played up the brutality of Germany's invasion in Belgium The British and French press circulated the tales of atrocities, horrible acts committed against innocent people. Although some atrocities did occur, often the stories were distorted by exaggerations or completely made up. Governments also used propaganda to motivate military mobilization, especially in Britain before conscription started in 1916. In France and Germany, propaganda urged civilians to loan money to the government. Total war also meant controlling public opinion. Even in democratic countries, special boards censored the press. Their aim was to keep complete casualty figures and other discouraging news from reaching the public. Government censors also restricted popular literature, historical writings, motion pictures, and the arts

Prime Minister of Great Britain:

Britain had two prime ministers during WW1, and neither one of them was Winston Churchill. Lloyd George became Minister of Munitions and rapidly expanded production. In 1916, he was appointed Secretary of State for War but was frustrated by his limited power and clashes with the military establishment over strategy. Amid stalemate on the Western Front, confidence in Asquith's leadership waned. He had several motivations for his wishes at the Versailles Peace Conference. He had campaigned in the 1918, British election, promising to make Germany pay. ... Lloyd George, wished for the British Empire to remain supreme across the world, and saw Germany's navy and overseas colonies as a threat to the British Empire.

Total number of soldiers killed or wounded in WWI:

By the end of WW1, Russia had 1,700,000 killed and 4,950,000 wounded. The British Empire had 908, 371 men killed and 2,090,212 men wounded. France had 1,375,800 men killed and 4,266,000 men wounded. The United States had 116,516 men killed and 204,002 men wounded. Germany had 1,773,700 men killed and 4,216,058 men wounded. Austria-Hungary had 1,200,000 men killed and 3,620,000 men wounded.

Defeat by the Turks on the Dardanelles was _________:

Defeat by the Turks on the Dardanelles was successful on one front, but on the second front, the Ottoman Empire was failing. The Ottoman Empire included vast areas if Arab land. In 1916, Arab nationalists led by Hudsayn ibn Ali declared a revolt against Ottoman rule. The British government sent Colonel T.E. Lawrence-later known as Lawrence of Arabia- to support the Arab revolt. Lawrence led the guerilla raids against the Ottomans, dynamiting bridges and supply trains. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost a great deal of territory to the Arabs, including the key city of Baghdad.

Fighting in the trenches through Belgium and France: ________

Fighting in the trenches through Belgium and France: Western Front. On the Western Front, the war was fought by soldiers in trenches. Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground where soldiers lived. They were very muddy, uncomfortable and the toilets overflowed. These conditions caused some soldiers to develop medical problems such as trench foot. Trench warfare in World War I. Trench warfare reached its highest development on the Western Front during World War I (1914-18), when armies of millions of men faced each other in a line of trenches extending from the Belgian coast through northeastern France to Switzerland Soldiers often lost fingers or toes to frostbite and some died from exposure in the cold. It is estimated that if all the trenches built along the western front were laid end-to-end they would total over 25,000 miles long. The trenches needed constant repair or they would erode from the weather and from enemy bombs.

Fighting on the West Front was done on the________:

Fighting on the West Front was done on the Marne River. The countries that this war was fought on in the weatern front were France, Belgium, and the Alsace-Lorraine territory.

Who made up the Red Army in the Russian Civil War:

For three years, civil war raged between the "Reds'' as the communists were known. The Red Army mainly consisted of industrial workers and former soldiers. The people that made up this Army mainly had jobs that required a lot of labor, yet they didn't get much pay for that labor, and they believe that communism will bring class equality and they won't have to struggle over that issue.

Why did A.H. declare war of Serbia?:

For weeks, diplomats shuttled notes among the great powers, trying to head off a conflict. Backed by Germany, however, Austria-Hungary sent Serbia a harsh ultimatum, or final set of demands. To avoid war, said the ultimatum, Serbia must end all anti-Austria agtitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot. It must even let Austria join in the investigation. Austria-Hungary gave Serbia 48 hours to reply. Serbia agreed with most, but not all, of the terms of Austria's ultimatum. This partial refusal gave Austria the opportunity it was seeking. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war of Serbia

Emperor of Austria-Hungary:

Franz Joseph was the emperor of Austria (1848-1916) and king of Hungary (1867-1916). He divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany. In 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and Germany into World War I.

What was the outcome of Battle of Verdun?:

German forces tried to overwhelm the French at Verdun. The French defenders help firm, sending up the battle cry "They shall not pass." The 11-month struggle cost more than a half of million casualties, or soldiers killed, wounded, or missing, on both sides. The outcome of this battle was that 600,000 dead soldiers and positions did not move 10 miles in either direction. Verdun does not fall.

Germany invaded ___________ breaking a treaty that guaranteed that country's neutrality

Germany invaded Belgium breaking a treaty that guaranteed that country's neutrality and this caused Britain to declare war on Germany.

Prime Minister of France:

He was reinstated as prime minister in 1917 and became an important leader during World War I. He inspired the French people and stopped at nothing until the war was won. In 1918, Clemenceau participated in the Paris Peace Conference and helped negotiate terms of the Treaty of Paris Clemenceau liked the harsh things that were in the Treaty, especially reparations, because they would harm Germany. He liked the tiny German army, and the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland, because he thought that this would protect France from attack in the future. ... But he wanted the Treaty to be harsher.

Why did Great Britain enter WW1?:

However, Germany had signed a treaty with Britain and France guaranteeing Beligian neutrality. Outraged by the invasion of Belgium, Britain declared war in Germany August 4. The reason why Germany invaded Belgium was because of the Schlieffen Plan which consisted of fighting a two front war. This plan consisted of defeating France first in order to put more focus of the east front In order to defeat France, they had to invade Belgium to get to France.

How did the Treaty of Versailles treat Germany?:

In June 1919, the Allies ordered the representatives of the new German Republic to sign the treaty they had drawn up at the palace of Versailles outside Paris. The German delegates were horrified. The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war. It also imposed huge reparations that would burden an already damaged German economy. The reparations covered not only the destruction caused by the war, but also pensions for millions of Allied soldiers or their widows and families. The total cost of German reparations would come to over $400 billion in today's money. Other parts of the treaty were aimed at weakening Germany. The treaty severely limited the size of the once feared German military. It returned Alsace and Lorraine to France, removed hundreds of square miles of territory from western and eastern Germany, and stripped Germany of its overseas colonies. The treaty compelled many Germans to leave the homes they had made in Russia, Poland, Alsace-Lorraine, and the German colonies to return to Germany and Austria. The Germans signed because they had no choice. However, German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the international climate for 20 years. It would help spark an even deadlier world war in the years to come.

Why did German authorities help Lenin return to Russia?

In March 1917, Lenin was still in exile. As Russia stumbled into revolution, Germany saw a chance to weaken its enemy by helping Lenin return home. Lenin rushed across Germany to the Russian frontier in a special train. He greeted a crowd of fellow exiles and activists with this cry: "Long live the worldwide Socialist revolution!"

Healer and Adviser to Nicholas II and his family:

In Nicholas's absence, Alexandra relied on the advice of Gregory Rasputin, an illiterate peasant and self-proclaimed "holy man." The tsarina believed that Rasputin had miraculous powers after he helped her son, who suffered from hemophilia, a disorder in which any injury can result in uncontrollable bleeding. By 1916, Rasputin's influence over Alexandra had reached new heights and weakened confidence in the government. Fearing for the monarchy, a group of Russian nobles killed Rasputin on December 29, 1916.

Which battle proved the failure of the Schlieffen Plan?:

In September 1914, British and French troops pushed back the German drive along the Marne River. The first battle of the Marne ended Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front. Both sides then began to dig deep in trenches to protect their armies from fierce enemy fire. They did not know that the conflict would turn into a long, deadly stalemate, a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. Battle lines in France would remain almost unchanged for four years.

Russia was promised Constantinople following an allied victory:

In the Constantinople Agreement, Russia was supposed to get Constantinople, if there was an allied victory, but because they had to pull out of the war and signed the Brest-Litovsk treaty, they in fact gave more land away, but they never received Constantinople.

Who said "Peace, land, and bread"?:

Lenin threw himself into the work of furthering the revolution. Another dynamic Marxist revolutionary, Leon Trotsky, helped lead and fight. To the hungry, war-weary Russian people, Lenin and the Bolsehviks promised "Peace, Land, and Bread"

Meaning "warring" ______

Meaning of warring is belligerent. Belligerent nations were inclined or exhibiting assertiveness, hostility, or combativeness: waging war specifically: belonging to or recognized as a state of war and protected by and subject to the laws of war.

Merchant ships began to use the ________ system to counteract U-boats attacks:

Merchant ships began to use the convoy system to counteract U-boats attacks. The convoy system was a group of ships sailing together for protection, it was designed to help protect cargo in passenger ships during WW1. These escorts not only guarded against surface gunfire attacks, but also dropped depth charges in areas where German 'U-boats' were known to operate.

What was Woodrow Wilson's most important point of his 14 points?:

Point 14 was the most important point because it stated the formation of a general association of nations to guarantee to its members political independence and territorial integrity (the League of Nations).

Reparations were/were not in Wilson's 14 points:

Reparations were not in Wilson's 14 points because he believed that if he were to include such big reparations to Germany, then that might cause conflict in the future. The main point of the 14 points was to create peace for the future of Europe and he was scared that if Germany was forced to pay such big reparations that Germany would disagree with paying the reparations and will cause conflict in the future of Europe.

___________ was Serbia's protector:

Russia was Serbia's protector during WW1. After receiving Austria's ultimatum, Serbia turned to its ally, Russia. From St. Petersburg, Nicholas II telegraphed William II. The tsar asked the kaiser to urge Austria to soften its demands. When this plea failed, Russia began to mobilize, or prepare its military forces for war.

Battle where tank warfare was introduced:

Tanks were first used in the Battle of Somme and were used by the British. The usage of these tanks however killed many soldiers. The Battle of Somme was known to be the "big push offensive" by British and some French troops. French were busy with Verdun at the same time. High command orders troops to keep uniform lines and to march towards the enemy across no-man's land. Artillery failed to destroy Germany wire or destroy machine gun posts. Known as one of biggest slaughters in British history. On the 1st day, British suffered approx. 60,000 casualties. Gained 1.5 km British Gen. Haig continued with the offensive throughout November of the same year. At the end of fighting, British advanced 3 miles. Combined losses approach 1 million. An Allied offensive at the Somme River was even more costly. In a single grisly day, nearly 60,000 British soldiers were killed or wounded. In the five month battle, more than one million soldiers were killed, without either side winning an advantage.

Name the new nations after WW1:

The Austrian-Hungary empire dissolved and Austria and Hungary are separate countries. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were also new countries made from the former Austria-Hungary empire. Some other countries from the Balkans that were created are Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, who had fought for independence. Yugoslavia was created into a country that only had Slaves, but eventually because there was so much conflict within the group, that this country will also later dissolve. Despite the settlement, Eastern Europe remained a center of political conflict and unrest. The new nations were also relatively poorm with agriculture ecnomies and little capital for industry

Why did the Germans use unrestricted warfare?:

The British blocked any ships carrying supplies into and out of Germany. As the war progressed it was harder to feed people in Germany and to have basic needs. The potato crop failed there too, so many people had to eat turnips in the winter. To retaliate, Germany used U-boats to create its own blockade. In 1915, Germany declared that it would sink all ships carrying goods to Britain. In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lustitania off the coast of Ireland. Almost 1,200 passengers were killed, including 128 Americans. Germany justified the attack, arguing that the Titanic was carrying weapons. When American President Woodrow Wilson threatened to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany, Germany agreed to restrict its submarine campaign. Before attacking any ship, U-boats would surface and give warning, allowing neutral passengers to escape to lifeboats. Unrestricted submarine warfare stopped-for the moment. A major reason for the U.S. entry into the war was German submarine attacks. After the sinking of the Lusitania and under pressure from President Woodrow Wilson, Germany had agreed to restrict its submarine campaign. By early 1917, the German government announced that it would resume unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson angrily denounced Germany.

War Reparations from Germany were demanded by this country following WW1 ________:

The French wanted war reparations from Germany after WW1 because most of the war was fought in France, so there was a lot of damage done to France after this war. They also wanted to make Germany weak so that it could never again threaten France.

Failed Allied offensive in Turkey:

The Gallipoli Campaign of 1915-16, also known as the Battle of Gallipoli or the Dardanelles Campaign, was an unsuccessful attempt by the Allied Powers to control the sea route from Europe to Russia during World War I. The Gallipoli campaign was intended to force Germany's ally, Turkey, out of the war. It began as a naval campaign, with British battleships sent to attack Constantinople (now Istanbul). This failed when the warships were unable to force a way through the straits known as the Dardanelles. The British Army of 1915 was not yet ready for war. There were not enough guns or shells for the Gallipoli campaign to have any chance against Turkish troops once they were well dug in, with barbed wire, machine guns and artillery.

Why was the Schlieffen Plan not effective?:

The Schlieffen Plan failed for several reasons. First, Russia mobilized more quickly than expected. After Russian forces won a few small victories in eastern Prussia, German generals hastily shifted some troops to the east. This move weakened their forces in the west. Then, in September 1914, British and French troops pushed back the German drive along the Marne River. The first battle of the Marne ended Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front. Both sides then began to dig deep trenches to protect their armies from fierce enemy fire. They did not know that the conflict would turn into a long, deadly stalemate, a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. Battle lines in France would remain almost unchanged for four years.

German's strategy to defeat France then Russia:

The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914 The Schlieffen Plan, devised by Germany, was intended to force France into submission and then invade Russia. It didn't work because Russian troops attacked Germany while German troops were busy invading France in effect, Schlieffen aimed to turn the inescapable reality that Germany would have to fight a two-front war into two one-front wars which it could hope to win. But for the plan to succeed, Germany would have to attack France in such a way as to avoid the heavy fortifications along the Franco-German border. The main aim of the Schlieffen Plan was to deliver a very quick knockout blow to France. This would then allow German forces to transfer their attention to the much larger Russian armies.

German note sent to Mexico to try to draw them into war:

The Zimmermann telegram was a coded note sent by Germany's Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmermann, in January 1917 with a message for the Mexican government. The note asked the Mexican government to declare war on the United States and promised to help Mexico take back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note revealed a plan to renew unrestricted submarine warfare and to form an alliance with Mexico and Japan if the United States declared war on Germany. The message was intercepted by the British and passed on to the United States; its publication caused outrage and contributed to the U.S. entry into World War I Germany promised to help Mexico take back land the United States had taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. These places were Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Germany wanted Mexico to enter the war so America would be too busy to help the enemies of Germany. ... The telegram made the American people angry.

Assassinated Francis Ferdinand:

The crisis began when Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced that he would visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Francis Ferdinand was the nephew and heir of the aging Austria emperor, Francis Joseph. At the time of his visit, Bosnia was under the rule of Austria-Hungary. But it was also home to many Serbs and other Slavs. News of the royal visit angered many Serbian nationalists. They viewed the Austrians as foreign oppressors. Some members of Unity of Death, a Serbian terrorist group commonly known as the Black Hand, vowed to take action. The archduke ignored warnings of anti-Austrian unrest in Sarajevo. On June 28, 1914, he and his wife, Sophie, rode through Saravejo in an open car. As the car passed by, a conspirator named Gavrilo Princep seized his chance and fired twice into the car. Moments later, the archduke and his wife were dead.

Members of the Triple Alliance:

The first major alliance had its origins in Bismarck's day. He knew that France longed to avenge its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Sure that France would not attack Germany without help, Bismarck signed treaties with other powers. By 1882, Germany had formed the Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary/ Although Bismarck had previously signed an alliance with Russia, Kaiser William II did not preserve that alliance, leaving Russia free to seek other allies. In 1914, when war did erupt, Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the same side. They became known as the Central Powers.

Glorification of war: Militarism:

The late 1800s saw a rise in militarism, or the glorification of the military. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness of war came to dominate national policy. Militarists for war came to dominate national policy. Militarists painted war in romantic colors. Young men dreamed of blaring trumpets and dashing cavalry charges- not at all the sort of conflict they would soon face. With international tensions on the rise, the great powers began to build up their armies and navies. The fiercest competition was the naval rivalry between Britain and Germany. To protect its vast overseas empire, Britain had built the world's most respected navy. As Germany began acquiring overseas colonies, it began to build up its own navy. Suspicious of Germany's motives, Britain in turn increased naval spending. Newspapers dramatized the arms race and stirred national public opinion against rival countries The arms race help military leaders gain influence. On matters of peace and war, civilian governments turned to military leaders for advice. German generals and British admirals enjoyed great respect and got more funds to build up their forces. A militarism and the arms race fed each other, tensions grew.

Leader of the Provisional Government in Russia:

The leader of the Provisional Government was Alexander Kerensky. He continued the war effort and failed to deal with land reform. Those decisions proved fatal. Most Russians were tired of war. Troops at the front were deserting in droves. Peasants wanted land, while city workers demanded an end to the desperate shortages. In July 1917, the government launched the disastrous Kerensky Offensive against Germany. BY November, according to one official report, the army was "a huge crowd of tired, poor;y clad, poorly fed, embittered men." Growing numbers of troops mutinied. Peasants seized land and drove off fearful landlords.

Leader of the Red Army:

The leader of the Red Army was V.I. Lenin. He hated the tsarist because his brother was executed for plotting to kill the tsar, and he had to leave the country eventually as well. He spread Marxistt ideas among factory workers with other socialists. Lenin eventually brought in communism to Russia and began to call Russia the U.S.S.R. He united much of the old Russia once again and came up with a constitution that is democratic and sociailaist, but the nation itself was not

Wilson's plan for peace was called:

Though he had failed to maintain American neutrality, Wilson still hoped to be a peacemaker. In January 1918, he issued the Fourteen Points, a list of his terms for resolving both this war and future wars. He called for the freedom of the seas, free trade, large-scale reductions of arms, and an end to secret treaties. For Eastern Europe, Wilson favored self-determination, the right of people to choose their own form of government. Finally, Wilson urged the creation of a "general association of nations" to keep the peace in the future.

Agreement to end hostilities: (armistice):

Uprisings exploded among hungry city dwellers across Germany. German commanders advised the kaiser to step down. William II did so in early November, fleeing into exile in the Netherlands. By autumn, Austria-Hungary was also relling toward collapse. As the government in Vienna tottered, the subject nationalities revolted, splitting the empire of the Hapsburgs, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire was also asked for peace. The new German government sought an armistice, or agreement to end fighting, with the Allies. At 11 A.M. on November 11, 1918, the Great War at last came to an end.

Prime Minister of Italy:

Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (19 May 1860 - 1 December 1952) was an Italian statesman, known for representing Italy in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with his foreign minister Sidney Sonnino. He was also known as "Premier of Victory" for defeating the Central Powers along with the Entente in World War Vittorio Orlando was Italy's Prime Minister at the end of World War One. As Italy had fought on the side of the Allies, Orlando fully expected that Italy would be treated as an equal at Versailles

Archduke of Austria-Hungary:

Was a member of the royal Habsburg dynasty, which ruled the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After his father died in 1896, Ferdinand became next in line for the throne. His assassination in 1914 at the hands of a Bosnian revolutionary led to the outbreak of World War I. It should be common historical knowledge that Franz Ferdinand was not a good man. Although he was assassinated as a result of his empire's political dealings and not his personal nature, it is still worthwhile to understand that his toxic personality did not help his chances of survival.

Why did Austria-Hungary issue an ultimatum to Serbia:

When news of the assasination of Francis Ferdinand reached Vienna, the government of Emperor Francis Joseph blamed Serbia. Austria-Hungary believed that Serbia would stop at nothing to achieve its goal of a South Slav empire. Austria decided it's only course was to punish Serbia. In Berlin, Kaiser William II was horrified at the assasination, He wrote to Francis Joseph, advising him to take a firm stand toward Serbia. Instead of urging restraint, Germany gave Austria a "blank check", or permission to undertake whatever action it chose. For weeks, diplomats shuttled notes among the great powers, trying to head off a conflict. Backed by Germany, however, Austria-Hungary sent Serbia a harsh ultimatum, or final set of demands. To avoid war, said the ultimatum, Serbia must end all anti-Austria agtitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot. It must even let Austria join in the investigation. Austria-Hungary gave Serbia 48 hours to reply. Serbia agreed with most, but not all, of the terms of Austria's ultimatum. This partial refusal gave Austria the opportunity it was seeking. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war of Serbia

Emperor of Germany:

When news of the assasination of Francis Ferdinand reached Vienna, the government of Emperor Francis Joseph blamed Serbia. Austria-Hungary believed that Serbia would stop at nothing to achieve its goal of a South Slav empire. Austria decided it's only course was to punish Serbia. In Berlin, Kaiser William II was horrified at the assasination, He wrote to Francis Joseph, advising him to take a firm stand toward Serbia. Instead of urging restraint, Germany gave Austria a "blank check", or permission to undertake whatever action it chose. There were many uprisings in Germany because people were tired of the war and German commanders advised William II to abdicate from the throne, and he did. Wilhelm was an intelligent man, but emotionally unstable and a poor leader. After two years as Kaiser, he dismissed the current chancellor and famous German leader Otto von Bismarck and replaced him with his own man. He blundered many times in his diplomacy with foreign nations.

President of the U.S.

Wilson tried to keep the United States neutral during World War I, but ultimately called on Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917. After the war, he helped negotiate a peace treaty that included a plan for the League of Nations. As president, Wilson saw America through World War I, negotiating the Treaty of Versailles and crafting the League of Nations, a precursor to the United Nations. His legacy includes sweeping reforms for the middle class, voting rights for women and precepts for world peace. Woodrow Wilson did not want war. When World War I erupted in Europe in 1914, the 28th U.S. president pledged neutrality, in sync with prevailing American public opinion.

Place through which Russia desired Naval access:______:

he Russians desired naval access through the Dardanelles. The reason why they wanted access to the Dardanelles is because the Turks cut off crucial Allied supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles, a vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterrean.