Zinn: Chapter 9, and CH10

Brunswick-Altamaha Canal

A 12-mile-long canal built to connect the Altamaha River to the city of Brunswick, Georgia to transport goods. Used both Irish and Slavery labor but segregated the workers, paying the Irish to watch the enslaved laborers. The project was estimated to cost $450,000. The canal opened in 1854 and closed in 1860 - made obsolete by trains.

Wendell Phillips/David Walker

Phillips was a Bostonian of strict principle and known as "abolition's golden trumpet." He would not eat cane sugar or wear cotton clothing since they were both produced by souther slaves. Walker was a black abolitionist whose work Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World advocated a bloody end to white supremacy.

Religion as control

Plantation owners used Christianity in an attempt to make slaves more complacent to their enslaved status.

E.B. DuBois

wrote that the "betrayal of the Negro" was indicative of something even more horrible: "a new capitalism and a new enslavement of power." After the 1870s, he argued, American capitalists became more powerful and far more daring in exploiting working-class people. In a sense, Du Bois argued, the 1870s marked the beginning of an era in which, for all purposes, poor black and white people became slaves to capitalists and capitalism.

strikes

a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

19th century

also an era of "booms and slumps," when the economy grew at an unstable rate, so that working-class people were often unemployed. Wealthy industrialists, therefore, needed to be careful to keep the working classes submissive, while enlisting the government to protect business.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

unions

an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests; a labor union.

meaning of chapter 10

there was another civil war going on in the United States: a civil war between the classes.during 1800s there was a wide gap between rich and poor.Zinn argue it would have been natural for th poor to rise up against the rich

molly maguires

was an Irish 19th-century secret society active in Ireland, Liverpool and parts of the eastern United States, best known for their activism among Irish-American and Irish immigrant coal miners in Pennsylvania.

lowel girls

were young female workers who came to work in industrial corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution in the United States.

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy

A conspiracy that reflect the combination of American and African influences of the time; Denmark Vesey, a slave carpenter in South Carolina, took to rebuking blacks who stepped off the city's sidewalks to allow whites to pass.

Major Andry

In 1811, Andry was injured and his son killed by an slave rebellion outside New Orleans.

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery..led a raid on a military arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in an effort to arm slaves. His plan failed, and he was arrested. However, it has been argued that Brown's "failure" brought attention to the abolitionist issue and convinced the country that, as Brown said, "the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood." Brown was executed with the full approval of the federal government—the same federal government that enforced the Fugitive Slave Act, tolerated slavery, and ruled that black slaves were property, not people.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.spoke out tirelessly against slavery, partnering with white abolitionists.

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders.Zinn interprets the Fugitive Slave Act as confirmation that "the shame of slavery was not just the South's": the entire country was complicit.

Ulrich Phillips

1918 Portrayed slavery as a benign institution where kind masters looked after their childlike and contented slaves.

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.

anti-renter movement

(also known as the Helderberg War) was a tenants' revolt in upstate New York during the early 19th century.Thousands of tenants joined together to protest the landlord system. In the end, the government sent troops, who threw more than three hundred tenants in prison.

Railroad Strike of 1877

1877 was the year of the Railroad Strike, still one of the most important strikes in American history. The strike began when railroad companies cut wages; in response, railway workers in Ohio and West Virginia went on strike, refusing to allow any trains to pass through

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Plantation System

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality emphasized organization and economic independence in the black community.

The Liberator (1831-1865)

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

theme of ch 9

Chapter 9 consists of slave rebellions, abolition, the Civil War, and the effect it had on African-Americans. The violence in the war was the reason slavery ended. But it still did not end the rebellions because they expanded anti- slavery which resulted in a movement against the capitalists. Zinn wrote that the war limited the freedom of African-Americans by letting the government control how their freedom was attained.

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond

sharecropping

Following the Civil War of the United States, the South lay in ruins. Plantations and other lands throughout the Southern United States were seized by the federal government and thousands of freed Black slaves known as freedmen, found themselves free, yet without means to support their families

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free. "slavery untouched in states that came over to the North." In spite of its wording, the Emancipation Proclamation spurred the antislavery movement; the Union army accepted black soldiers, and abolitionists became bolder in their demands.

John Little

John Little escaped to Canada and recorded his experiences as an enslaved person: "Tisn't he who has stood and looked on, that can tell you what slavery is—'tis he who has endured."

KKK

Ku Klux Klan, which organized raids, lynchings, beatings, and burnings. By the 1870s, the violence in the Southern states was the worst it had been since the Civil War, but the federal government was reluctant to send more troops to enforce order.

Roll Jordan Roll

Negro Spiritual and study completed by Eugene Genovese about the ways in which enslaved people in America resisted.

Northern Industrialization

Newly invented labor-saving machinery enabled the North to expand economically, even though the cream of the manpower was being drained off to the fighting front. The sewing machine, graduated standard measurements, mechanical reapers produced vast surpluses of grain. They provided profits with which the North was able to buy munitions and supplies from abroad.

Racism in the North

Only black people who could vote in New York were property owners ($250). Black people lived together in segregated neighborhoods - still poor but better chances for education and jobs.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families.gathered about seventy slaves and killed at least fifty-five white men, women, and children. As a result, slave owners lived in constant fear of slave rebellions, and they tried to prevent rebellions by punishing the slaves more harshly

Abream Scriven

Scriven and his wife had four children together, living and working on Colonel's Island before he was abruptly sold down the river never to see his family again.

Slave Families

Slave marriages and family ties were not recognized by American law. Any owner was free to sell husbands from wives, parents from children, and brothers from sisters. Many large slaveholders had numerous plantations and frequently shifted slaves, splitting families in the process. Despite this, strength of slave families is nowhere more evident than in the advertisements slaveowners posted for runaway slaves. Over a third of the advertisements indicate that fugitives left an owner to visit a spouse, a child, or other relatives.

King Cotton Diplomacy

South's political strategy during the Civil War; it depended upon British and French dependency on southern cotton to the extent that those two countries would help the South break the blockade

Lincoln

Stated that, "no state...can lawfully get out of the Union" but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it. the president during the Civil War, skillfully combined lofty anti-slavery rhetoric with economic practicality. He refused to denounce the Fugitive Slave Law publicly, and insisted on many occasions that Congress did not have the right to ban slavery. When Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the Southern states seceded in part because they predicted that Lincoln would enact a high tariff on manufacturers and strengthen the National Bank, policies that contradicted slave owners' interests.Indeed, Lincoln signed laws that ensured that the land of former slave owners passed down to their next of kin, not to the former slaves who'd worked on the land for years. The American government didn't fight to end slavery; it fought to "retain its enormous national territory and market and resources."

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

theme of ch9

The title of chapter 9 of A People's History is "Slavery Without Submission, Emancipation Without Freedom," and its subject is antebellum slavery and its decline during the Civil War and Reconstruction era. Several themes emerge in this chapter. One major theme is slave resistance, as the first part of the chapter title suggests. Enslaved people never accepted enslavement, and even if they did not rise up in armed rebellion, they ran away, slowed down work, broke tools, and did other things to resist their enslavement. Even the culture that arose on plantations was oppositional in nature, a "complex mixture of adaptation and rebellion," as Zinn puts it. Zinn also emphasizes the lives of those people who advocated open armed rebellion, including David Walker.

thesis of chapter 9

Thus, while the ending of slavery led to a reconstruction of national politics and economics, it was not a radical reconstruction, but a safe one - in fact, a profitable one." What Zinn is saying here is that in order for slavery to come to an end, something which may have a big impact on the United States would have to occur in order for a change to come about.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)she was mocked for being a black woman.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)"You'll be free or die."Harriet Tubman's philosophy that every escaped person had the right to freedom or death rather than returned to enslavement.

The Gift of Black Folk

W.E.B. Du Bois' 1924 book that explored the contributions African Americans made to American society, detailing the importance of racial diversity to the United States.

dorr's rebellion

awyer, mobilized working-class people to demonstrate for electoral reform, since, at the time, Rhode Island was the only state that didn't grant universal suffrage for its white male residents. Dorr penned his own constitution, abolishing laws that required voters to own property. Dorr's supporters unofficially voted for the constitution, and in 1842, Dorr led an attack on the state arsenal, hoping to arm his constituents and, it seems, found his own government. Dorr was arrested, charged with treason, and sentenced to jail time. Even after being imprisoned, he remained a martyr for many Americans who lacked property or power

Confiscation Act of 1861

declared that slaves used by Confederate states in the war effort were free.

The period of Reconstruction that followed the Civil War

he Republican Party enacted a series of laws that strengthened African American rights, giving them the ability to vote, own property, and avoid discrimination. The government also deployed troops to the South to enforce these laws.

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

jacksonian democracy

is the political movement toward greater democracy for the common man typified by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters. Jackson's policies followed the era of Jeffersonian democracy which dominated the previous political era. but he was the first President to "master the liberal rhetoric" of speaking for the common man. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, presidents followed Jackson's example by appealing to ordinary voters while continuing to protect the upper classes.

Homestead Act

llowing anyone to purchase a homestead for a mere dollar per acre, provided that they cultivated the land for five years. While such an act might seem generous, one should keep in mind that, around the same time, Congress gave railroad companies control of more than one hundred million acres, free of charge.

Rutherford Hayes (1877-1881)

n 1877, with the inauguration of Rutherford Hayes, the last Union soldiers left the South, signaling the end of Reconstruction and leaving free blacks with little federal support: legal, military, or even symbolic. Hayes had been elected due to a behind-the-scenes deal between his political managers and those of his opponent, Samuel Tilden. In exchange for putting Hayes in the White House, Northern politicians not only pulled troops out of the South, but they also assured Southern coal and iron businessmen that they'd be included in the Union's plans for industrial expansion