11.1-11.4

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

National Reclamation Act

1902 law that gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed through the building and management of dams and irrigation projects

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal,"

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly)

W.E.B. Du Bois

A Harvard trained professional who called for equal rights immediately for African Americans. He founded the NAACP that aimed to help African Americans improve.

settlement house

A center in an underprivileged area that provides community services

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores

Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Sixteenth Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.

temperance movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Frances Willard

Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Jane Addams

Founder of Settlement House Movement.

monetary policy

Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

John Muir

Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

a federal agency empowered to prevent persons or corporations from using unfair methods of competition in commerce

American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

granted citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States

National Consumers League (NCL),

group organized in 1899 to investigate the conditions under which goods were made and sold and to promote safe working conditions and a minimum wage

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Progressivism

movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Anti-Defamation League

organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements

Urban League.

organization to assist working class African Americans with relief, jobs, clothing, and schools

mutualistas

organized groups of Mexican Americans that make loans and provide legal assistance to other members of their community

Carrie Chapman Catt

president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration

recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Americanization

process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

suffrage

the right to vote