11B
In Milgram's experiments, how many followed orders right up to the last switch?
60%
In a replication of Milgram's experiments, how many participants obeyed up to the highest voltage shock?
70%
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
Conformity can be bad, leading people to
Agree with falsehoods or go along with bullying
When others observe us, we become
Aroused. This arousal amplifies our reactions
Social thinking is to social influence as ___ is to ____
Attribution; conformity
We are more likely to conform when we:
- Are made to feel incompetent or insecure - In a group with at least 3 people - In a group in which everyone else agrees - Admire the group's status and attractiveness - Have not already committed ourselves to any response - Know that others in the group will observe our behavior - Are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards
To increase the socializing at your next event,
Choose a room or set up seating that will just barely hold all your guests
Asian, African, and Latin-American countries place a higher value on
Collectivism
Solomon Asch
Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines
When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting
Conformity
Bay of Pigs fiasco
Cuban revolutionist were trained by CIA, sent to Cuba to overthrow gov't/rebel, all killed, looks horrible on Kennedy
Comedy routines that are mildly amusing in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a
Densely packed room
We adjust our views to match the
Desires of those around us
Western Europeans and people in most English-speaking countries tend to prize
Individualism
17 countries have found lower conformity rates in
Individualist countries
What causes social loafing?
- People feel less accountable in a group - They view individual contributions as unneeded in a group - They overestimate their own contributions - They ride on others' efforts
When one follows orders or behaved similarly to one's friends, one is demonstrating the power of social ____
Influence
Normative social influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Social control and personal control
Interact
Studies show that the home-team advantage
Is real
In a team tug-of-war, do we exert more, less, or the same effort as in a one-on-one tug-of-war?
Less
The phenomenon of social loafing means that at least in some instances, the group is _____ than the sum of its individual members
Less
Group polarization can have positive results, as when
Low-prejudice students become even more accepting while discussing racial issues
Social loafing is most common among
Men in individualist cultures
Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in either a happy or sad sounding voice creates _____ in listeners
Mood contagion
Obedience is highest when:
- The person giving the orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure - The authority figure was supported by a respected, well-known institution - The victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room - There were no role models for defiance
Group polarization can feed
Extremism and even suicide terrorism
strong social influences can make people conform to
Falsehoods or give in to cruelty
Norman Triplett
First official social psychology experiment. He found that adolescents would wind a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone doing the same thing
What you do well, you are likely to do even better in
Front of an audience
Social contagion
Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas. I.e. sneezing after someone else sneezes
Chameleon effect
Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements
Stanley Milgram
Obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
Groupthink is fed by
Overconfidence, conformity, self-justification, and group polarization
Social facilitation
Performing better when others are around and they are being observed. Increased arousal
Social psychology's great lesson is the enormous power of
Social influence
Group polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like-minded others
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Minority influence
The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
Personal control
The power of the individual
Social control
The power of the situation
Deindividuation
The process of losing self-awareness and self-restraint, occurs in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Social loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Decreased effort
Empathize
To feel what others feel
Informational social influence
When we accept others' opinions about reality
Conformity can be good, leading people to
give more generously after observing others' generosity
Among people abducted in to a violent group, those forced to perpetrate violence are most likely to then
identify with the group