18.4

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

What is dollar diplomacy?

A US policy where the government guarantees loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople

Corollary

An additional statement that follows logically from the first one

The Mexican Revolution started

As a peasant revolt against a harsh military dictator (Diaz)

When did the Panama Canal open?

August 15, 1914

How did the U.S. acquire the land to build the Panama Canal?

Colombia ruled Panama at this time and did not want to allow the US to construct the canal on its territory. Many Panamanians revolted against the Colombian government soon after and were supported by US naval warships. Panama declared its independence with the US ships there to fight the Colombians if they tried to stop the revolution. Then the newly independent Panama signed a treaty that allowed the US to build the canal as long as they paid Panama $10 million and an annual fee of $250,000.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. The US government would guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesses. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Carranza

Huerta's arch-rival who succeeded him after his collapse in July 1914. He was still resentful of Wilson's military intervention. However, Wilson reluctantly supported him with arms and recognition.

Why did President Wilson refuse to recognize Huerta's government after the Mexican Revolution?

In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew the longtime President Dias of Mexico. Madero promised democratic reforms but was unable to satisfy all of the peasants, factory workers, landowners, and urban middle class. He was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta after two years and murdered. Wilson refused to recognize Huerta because he thought it was un-democratic and tyrannical. He called it "a government of butchers."

Where was the Panama Canal built and when?

It was built on a narrow strip of land in Panama called the Panama Canal Zone between the Caribbean and the Pacific oceans. Work began in 1904 and lasted until 1914

What settlement did Theodore Roosevelt negotiate to end the Russo-Japanese War?

Japan would receive half of Sakhalin island and Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea

What problems did canal workers encounter while building the canal?

Malaria, yellow fever, intense heat, soft volcanic soil that was very difficult to move.

What event prompted President Wilson to order General Pershing to Mexico?

Pancho Villa shot several American engineers in Northern Mexico

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

What is meant by Roosevelt's "big stick policy?"

Roosevelt meant that the US should always be ready to use force to deal with other nations that are seen as intervening in their affairs or threatening them. He believed the US should act as an international police power and protect its own economic interests, especially nearby in Latin America.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

What were the results of Roosevelt's negotiations with the Japanese and Russians?

Russia and Japan began fighting each other in 1904. Theodore Roosevelt had Russian and Japanese delegates meet him at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905 and worked out a peace deal between the two. This ended the war and made it easier for Americans to expand their commercial interests into East Asia. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

Why was the Panama Canal built?

So ships would not have to sail around South America to get from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Many Americans and American politicians believed the US needed access to a canal that cut across Central American because this would reduce travel time for trade and military ships. It would provide a massive shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Mexican revolutionary and bandit Pancho Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

What did Woodrow Wilson mean by "missionary diplomacy?"

Wilson meant that the US was morally responsible for refusing to recognize any Latin American government that oppressed its people, acted undemocratically, or threatened US economic and political interests abroad.

The US gained control of the land it needed to build the Panama Canal by

encouraging and supporting Panamanian independence