19th Century Science & Technology

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1879

Pelton wheel, Lester Pelton, US

1884

Photographic Film, George Eastman, US

1814

Spectroscope, Joseph von Fraunhofer, De; Steam locomotive (Blücher), George Stephenson, Newcastle

1829

Steam locomotive, (Rocket) Robert Stephenson

1803

Steamboat Charlotte Dundas, William Symington, S; Revival of wave theory of light, Thomas Young; Extraction of morphine from opium poppy, Friedrich Serturner, De

1807

Steamboat Clermont, Robert Fulton, US; Horsedrawn trams, UK

1816

Stirling engine, Robert Stirling, S; Stethoscope, Rene Laennec, Paris

1863

Subway, Sir John Fowler (metropolitan line, London)

1875

Crookes tube, leads to discovery of cathode rays, William Crookes

1882

DC power station, Thomas Edison, US; Robert Koch, De isolates the Tuberculosis bacillus and the Vibrio cholerae the following year.

1824

The Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine, Nicholas Carnot, F

1851

The Crystal Palace constructed in London, potential of cast iron in construction becomes obvious.

1827

Ohm's law, Georg Ohm, De

1850

2nd law of thrmdymcs (no net heat from cooler to hotter) Rudolf Clausius, De

1848

Absolute Zero, William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)

1852

Airship, (H, powered), Henri Giffard, F; Gyroscope, Léon Foucault, F

1842

Anaesthesia, (ether) Crawford Long, US

1811

Avogadro´s law, Amedeo Avogadro, Turin

1812

Benjamin Delessert (Fr) devises an industrial-scale process for extracting sugar from sugar beet (in response to GB blockade preventing import of sugar cane from W. Indies)

1855

Bunsen burner, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, De; Bessemer Process, (air through molten iron -> steel) Henry Bessemer, English

1874

Cardinality of infinities, Gregor Cantor, De Cavendish Laboratory opens in Cambridge, during university chancellorship of William Cavendish

1887

Caterpillar tractor, Fyodor Blinov, Rus; Nul result in experiments designed to detect aether, Albert Michelson and Edward Morley, US

1878

Cathode ray tube, William Crookes, UK

1854

Commercial Icemaker, James Harrison, Aus. Outbreak of Crimean War; Gun barrel rifling employed for the first time, first war to be photographed.

1843

Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics) James Joule,

1870

Construction work begins on the Brooklyn Bridge; Washington Roebling paralysed by decompression sickness same year, wife Emily takes over supervision of the works.

1866

Dynamite, Alfred Nobel, Swedish; Isambard K. Brunel's SS 'Great Eastern' successfully lays first functional transatlantic telegraph.

1849

Earliest recorded air raid, as Austria employs 200 balloons to deliver ordinance against Venice.

1879

Edison Light Bulb, Thomas Edison, US

1802

Electric Arc, Vasily Petrov, St Pet. (&wlding); Shortly Thereafter, Arc lamp, Humphry Davy RI & RS, London; Joseph Gay-Lussac publishes Charles' Law

1821

Electric motor, Michael Faraday, London; Electrical transformer in the same year.

1880

Electric tram, Fyodor Pirotsky, St P, Rus; Seismograph, John Milne, E, working in Japan

1831

Electrical generator, Michael Faraday, London

1823

Electromagnet, William Sturgeon, English

1869

First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States on May 10; Periodic table: Dmitri Mendeleev, St P.; Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps, F

1833

First enzyme, also cellulose, Anselme Payen, F Weber & Gauss communicating with E-M telegraph over 1.2 km distance

1825

First isolation of aluminium, Hans Christian Ørsted, Denmark; The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens, the first public railway in the world.

1876

Gasoline Carburetter, Gottlieb Daimler, De; Loudspeaker, Alexander Graham Bell (Scot/US, Can); Telephone, Alexander Graham Bell (Scot/US, Can)

1885

Gasoline IC automobile, Karl Benz, De; IC motorcycle, Gottlieb Daimler, De; 98% effic AC transformer, Ganz company, Hung.

1865

Genetics: Mendel's laws of inheritance (peas!) Gregor Mendel, Austrian

1868

Helium: Norman Lockyer (founded Nature)

1877

Induction motor, Nikola Tesla (Austro-Serb/US); Phonograph/gramophone, Thomas Edison, US; Microphone, Emile Berliner (De/US) (leads to gramophone, the following year); Statistical definition of entropy, Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian

1809

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's 'Philosophie Zoologique' published (Teleological evolution by natural laws)

1873

Jeans, Levi Strauss, G/US; A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, James Clerk Maxwell, Scot

1888

Kodak hand camera, George Eastman, US

1859

Lead acid battery, Gaston Plante, F; On the origin of the species (nat selec, frm Alfred Wallace) Charles Darwin

1801

Locamotive Puffing Devil, Richard Trevithick

1845

Maiden voyage of the SS Great Britain. (Isambard K. B.) Stranded the following year. Clifton suspension bridge completed after his death

1805

Modern atomic theory, John Dalton, (taught Joule)

1846

Neptune, Le Verrier (John Couch Adams)

1896

Radioactivity, Henri Becquerel, F

1861

Regenerative furnace, (steel!) Carl Wilhelm Siemens, De/Brit

1890's

Remaining Nobel Gases, William Ramsey (Scot) and Lord Raleigh

1860

Repeating rifle, Oliver F. Winchester w. Benjamin Henry, US

1835

Revolver, Samuel Colt, US; Electromechanical relay, Joseph Henry, US

1862

Revolving machine gun, Richard J. Gatling, US; Pasteurization, Louis Pasteur, F Monitor vs. Virginia, US Civil War

1897

The electron (in cathode rays), J.J. Thomson; L. range (16km) Radio telegraphy, Guglielmo Marconi, I

1883

Two-phase (alternating current) induction motor, Nikola Tesla; Orient Express begins service between Paris and Istanbul (changes in Romania & Bulgaria)

1817

Velocipede, (forerunner of the bicycle) Karl Drais, De Georges Cuvier's 'Le Règne Animal' (the animal kingdom) published

1800

Voltaic Pile, Alessandro Volta, I; Submarine Nautilus, Robert Fulton, US; The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter, becoming the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

1839

Vulcanization of rubber, Charles Goodyear Francis Pettit Smith's SS Archimedes, first short-blade screw propeller (which he discovered by accident)

1844

Washington Baltimore telegraph, Morse, US "What hath God wrought" (65 km)

1856

World's first oil refinery, Romania

1895

X-ray , Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, De; Diesel engine, Rudolf Diesel, De


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