19th Century Science & Technology
1879
Pelton wheel, Lester Pelton, US
1884
Photographic Film, George Eastman, US
1814
Spectroscope, Joseph von Fraunhofer, De; Steam locomotive (Blücher), George Stephenson, Newcastle
1829
Steam locomotive, (Rocket) Robert Stephenson
1803
Steamboat Charlotte Dundas, William Symington, S; Revival of wave theory of light, Thomas Young; Extraction of morphine from opium poppy, Friedrich Serturner, De
1807
Steamboat Clermont, Robert Fulton, US; Horsedrawn trams, UK
1816
Stirling engine, Robert Stirling, S; Stethoscope, Rene Laennec, Paris
1863
Subway, Sir John Fowler (metropolitan line, London)
1875
Crookes tube, leads to discovery of cathode rays, William Crookes
1882
DC power station, Thomas Edison, US; Robert Koch, De isolates the Tuberculosis bacillus and the Vibrio cholerae the following year.
1824
The Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine, Nicholas Carnot, F
1851
The Crystal Palace constructed in London, potential of cast iron in construction becomes obvious.
1827
Ohm's law, Georg Ohm, De
1850
2nd law of thrmdymcs (no net heat from cooler to hotter) Rudolf Clausius, De
1848
Absolute Zero, William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)
1852
Airship, (H, powered), Henri Giffard, F; Gyroscope, Léon Foucault, F
1842
Anaesthesia, (ether) Crawford Long, US
1811
Avogadro´s law, Amedeo Avogadro, Turin
1812
Benjamin Delessert (Fr) devises an industrial-scale process for extracting sugar from sugar beet (in response to GB blockade preventing import of sugar cane from W. Indies)
1855
Bunsen burner, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, De; Bessemer Process, (air through molten iron -> steel) Henry Bessemer, English
1874
Cardinality of infinities, Gregor Cantor, De Cavendish Laboratory opens in Cambridge, during university chancellorship of William Cavendish
1887
Caterpillar tractor, Fyodor Blinov, Rus; Nul result in experiments designed to detect aether, Albert Michelson and Edward Morley, US
1878
Cathode ray tube, William Crookes, UK
1854
Commercial Icemaker, James Harrison, Aus. Outbreak of Crimean War; Gun barrel rifling employed for the first time, first war to be photographed.
1843
Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics) James Joule,
1870
Construction work begins on the Brooklyn Bridge; Washington Roebling paralysed by decompression sickness same year, wife Emily takes over supervision of the works.
1866
Dynamite, Alfred Nobel, Swedish; Isambard K. Brunel's SS 'Great Eastern' successfully lays first functional transatlantic telegraph.
1849
Earliest recorded air raid, as Austria employs 200 balloons to deliver ordinance against Venice.
1879
Edison Light Bulb, Thomas Edison, US
1802
Electric Arc, Vasily Petrov, St Pet. (&wlding); Shortly Thereafter, Arc lamp, Humphry Davy RI & RS, London; Joseph Gay-Lussac publishes Charles' Law
1821
Electric motor, Michael Faraday, London; Electrical transformer in the same year.
1880
Electric tram, Fyodor Pirotsky, St P, Rus; Seismograph, John Milne, E, working in Japan
1831
Electrical generator, Michael Faraday, London
1823
Electromagnet, William Sturgeon, English
1869
First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States on May 10; Periodic table: Dmitri Mendeleev, St P.; Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps, F
1833
First enzyme, also cellulose, Anselme Payen, F Weber & Gauss communicating with E-M telegraph over 1.2 km distance
1825
First isolation of aluminium, Hans Christian Ørsted, Denmark; The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens, the first public railway in the world.
1876
Gasoline Carburetter, Gottlieb Daimler, De; Loudspeaker, Alexander Graham Bell (Scot/US, Can); Telephone, Alexander Graham Bell (Scot/US, Can)
1885
Gasoline IC automobile, Karl Benz, De; IC motorcycle, Gottlieb Daimler, De; 98% effic AC transformer, Ganz company, Hung.
1865
Genetics: Mendel's laws of inheritance (peas!) Gregor Mendel, Austrian
1868
Helium: Norman Lockyer (founded Nature)
1877
Induction motor, Nikola Tesla (Austro-Serb/US); Phonograph/gramophone, Thomas Edison, US; Microphone, Emile Berliner (De/US) (leads to gramophone, the following year); Statistical definition of entropy, Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian
1809
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's 'Philosophie Zoologique' published (Teleological evolution by natural laws)
1873
Jeans, Levi Strauss, G/US; A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, James Clerk Maxwell, Scot
1888
Kodak hand camera, George Eastman, US
1859
Lead acid battery, Gaston Plante, F; On the origin of the species (nat selec, frm Alfred Wallace) Charles Darwin
1801
Locamotive Puffing Devil, Richard Trevithick
1845
Maiden voyage of the SS Great Britain. (Isambard K. B.) Stranded the following year. Clifton suspension bridge completed after his death
1805
Modern atomic theory, John Dalton, (taught Joule)
1846
Neptune, Le Verrier (John Couch Adams)
1896
Radioactivity, Henri Becquerel, F
1861
Regenerative furnace, (steel!) Carl Wilhelm Siemens, De/Brit
1890's
Remaining Nobel Gases, William Ramsey (Scot) and Lord Raleigh
1860
Repeating rifle, Oliver F. Winchester w. Benjamin Henry, US
1835
Revolver, Samuel Colt, US; Electromechanical relay, Joseph Henry, US
1862
Revolving machine gun, Richard J. Gatling, US; Pasteurization, Louis Pasteur, F Monitor vs. Virginia, US Civil War
1897
The electron (in cathode rays), J.J. Thomson; L. range (16km) Radio telegraphy, Guglielmo Marconi, I
1883
Two-phase (alternating current) induction motor, Nikola Tesla; Orient Express begins service between Paris and Istanbul (changes in Romania & Bulgaria)
1817
Velocipede, (forerunner of the bicycle) Karl Drais, De Georges Cuvier's 'Le Règne Animal' (the animal kingdom) published
1800
Voltaic Pile, Alessandro Volta, I; Submarine Nautilus, Robert Fulton, US; The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter, becoming the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
1839
Vulcanization of rubber, Charles Goodyear Francis Pettit Smith's SS Archimedes, first short-blade screw propeller (which he discovered by accident)
1844
Washington Baltimore telegraph, Morse, US "What hath God wrought" (65 km)
1856
World's first oil refinery, Romania
1895
X-ray , Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, De; Diesel engine, Rudolf Diesel, De
