2.1 Visual Dictionary Of Architecture (second edition by ching)
Structural clay tile
A hollow tile of fired clay having a parallel cells or cores, used in building walls and partitions.
Bulkhead
A horizontal or inclined door over a stairway
Portland cement
A hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder, named for its resemblance to a limestone quarried on the isle of portland, england.
Exedra
A large apsidal extension of the interior volumn of a church.
Block
A large building divided into a number of separate apartments, offices, or shops.
Cortile
A large or principal courtyard of an italian palazzo.
Palazzo
A large, imposing public building or private residence, esp. In italy.
Veranda
A large, open porch, usually roofed and partly enclosed, as by a railing, often extending across the front and sides of a house.
Lenticular structure
A lens-shaped structure having the outward thrusts of an arch balanced by the inward pulls of a cable, resulting in no net lateral forces at the supports.
Mezzanine
A low or partial story between two main stories of a building, esp. One that projects as a balcony and forms a composition with the story beneath it.
Cancelli
A low screen in an early christian basilica, separating the clergy and sometimes the choir from the congregation.
Laser cutter
A machine that uses a computer controlled laser to cut, bore, or engrave such sheet materials as paperboard, basswood, and plexiglass. Industrial grade laser cutters can also be used on structural and piping materials.
Story
A major horizontal architectural division, as of a facade or the wall of a nave.
Blind story
A major horizontal division of a wall having no exterior windows.
Brick
A masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by drying in the sun or firing in a kiln.
Closer
A masonry unit specially formed or cut to finish a course or complete the bond at the corner of a wall
Refractory
A material having the ability to retain its physical shape and chemical identity when subjected to high temperatures.
Labyrinth
A mazelike pattern inlaid in the pavement of a medieval church.
Recessed grid
A metal grid for supporting a suspended ceiling of acoustical tiles having rabbeted joints.
Exposed grid
A metal grid of inverted tees supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling.
Concealed grid
A metal grid supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling, hidden within kerfs cut into the edges of the tiles.
True color
A method for representing and storing graphical image information using a 24-bit color depth to allow more than 16 million colors to be displayed in digital image.
English cross bond
A modified english bond in which the head joints in the stretching courses are offset by half the length of a stretcher
Flemish cross bond
A modified flemish bond having courses of alternate headers and stretchers alternating with stretching courses.
Economy brick
A modular brick having nominal dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 in. (102 x 102 x 203mm)
Abbey
A monastery under the supervision of an abbot, or a convent under the supervision of an abbess, belonging to the highest rank of such institutions.
Natural cement
A naturally occurring clayey limestone that, when calcined and finely pulverized, produces a hydraulic cement.
Negative shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically downward on the left part of the structure being considered.
Positive shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure being considered.
Wing
A part of a building projecting from and subordinate to a central or main part.
Baptistery
A part of a church or a separate building in which baptism is administered.
Respond
A pier or pilaster projecting from a wall as a support for an arch or lintel, esp. At the termination of an arcade or colonnade.
Inflection point
A point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vice versa as it deflects under a transverse load, theoretically, an internal hinge and therefore a point of zero moment.
Kern point
A point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section defining the limits of the kern area.
Equilateral arch
A pointed arch having two centers and radii equal to the span.
Lancet arch
A pointed arch having two centers and radii greater than the span.
Drop arch
A pointed arch having two centers and radii less than the span.
Ogee arch
A pointed arch, each haunch of which is a double curve with the concave side uppermost.
Gothic arch
A pointed arch. Esp. One having two centers and equal radii.
Portico
A porch having a roof supported by columns, often leading to the entrance of a building.
Porte cochere
A porch roof projecting over a window a driveway at the entrance to a building and sheltering those getting in or out of vehicles.
Narthex
A portico or vestibule before the nave of an early christian or byzantine church, occupied by those not yet christened.
Type II: moderate
A portland cement having a reduced content of Tricalcium aluminate, making it more resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of hydration; used in general construction where resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or where heat buildup can be damaging, as in the construction of large piers and heavy retaining walls.
Type V : sulfate resisting
A portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the need for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its setting time ; used where resistance to severe sulfate action is required.
Type IV: low heat
A portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an increased content of dicalcium silicate, causing it to generate less heat of hydration than normal portland cement; used in the construction of massive concrete structures, such as gravity dams, where a large buildup in heat can be damaging.
White portland cement
A portland cement produced from raw materials low in iron oxide and manganese oxide, the substances that give concrete its gray color, used in precast concrete work and in the making of terrazzo, stucco, and tile grout.
Type I: normal
A portland cement used for general construction, having none of the distinguishing qualities of the other types.
Triangular arch
A primitive form of arch consisting of two stones laid diagonally to support each other over an opening.
Frontispiece
A principal facade, or a part or feature of a facade, often treated as a separate element of the design and highlighted by ornamentation.
Main runner
A principal member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually a sheet-metal channel or tee suspended by hanging wires from the overhead structure.
Postern
A private or side entrance, as one for pedestrians next to a porte cachere.
National Building Information Model Standard
A project the buildingSMART alliance to develop a series of open-source national standards and guidance for all aspects of building information modeling for the architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management industries. Abbr.: NBIMS
Cantiliver beam
A projecting beam supported at only one fixed end.
Crocket
A projecting ornament, usually in the form of curved foliage, used esp. In gothic architecture to decorate the outer angles of pinnacles, spires, and gables.
Pavilion
A projecting subdivision of a facade, usually accented by more eleborate decoration or greater height and distinction of skyline.
Plaza
A public square or open space in a city or town.
Stoop
A raised platform, approached by steps and sometimes having a roof, at the entrance of a house.
Slab
A rectangular building having little width with respect to its length and height.
Fire clay
A refractory clay used in the making of firebricks, crucibles, and other objects exposed to high temperatures.
Shade
A relatively dark value of a color, produced by adding black to it.
Tint
A relatively light value of a color, produced by adding white to it.
Finial
A relatively small, usually foliated ornament terminating the peak of a spire or pinnacle.
Icon
A representation of a sacred christian personage, such as christ or saint or angel, typically painted on a wood surface and itself venerated as being sacred, esp. In the tradition of the eastern church.
Lean -to
A roof with one slope is called..
Gallery
A roofed promenade, esp. One extending inside or outside along the exterior wall of a building.
Sacristy
A room in a church where the sacred vessels and vestments are kept.
Cellar
A room or set of rooms for the storage of food, fuel, or the like, wholly or partly underground and usually beneath a building.
Cellar
A room or set of rooms for the storage of the food, fuel, or the like, wholly or partly underground and usually beneath a building.
Attic
A room or space directly under the roof of a building, esp. A house.
Attic
A room or space directly under the roof of a building. Esp. A house.
Wheel window
A rose window having distinctly radiating mullions or bars.
Bell arch
A round arch resting on two large corbels with curved faces.
Rotunda
A round, domed building, or a large and high circular space in such a building, esp. One surmounted by a dome.
Baptism
A sacrament of initiation into christianity, symbolic of spiritual regeneration, marked by a ceremonial immersion or application of water.
Sanctuary
A sacred or holy place, as that part of a church in which the principal altar placed.
Diaconicon
A sacristy in an early christian or eastern church, usually on the south side of the bema.
Gray scale
A scale of achromatic colors having several, usually ten, equal gradations ranging from white to black.
Iconostasis
A screen or partition on which icons are placed, separating the bema from the nave of an eastern church.
Rood screen
A screen, often elaborately adorned and property surmounted by a rood, separating the chancel or choir from the nave of a medieval church.
Drop ceiling
A secondary ceiling formed to provide space for piping or ductwork, or to alter the proportions of a room
Cross tee
A secondary member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system , usually a sheet metal tee carried by the main runners
Mall
A section of a street, typically in the downtown area of a city, from which vehicular traffic is excluded and used as a public walk or promenade.
Apse
A semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and used esp. At the sanctuary or east end of a church.
Retrochoir
A separate division behind the choir or high altar of a large church.
Chapel
A separately dedicated part of a church for private prayer, meditation, or small religious services.
Blind arcade
A series of arches superimposed on a wall for decoration.
Arcade
A series of arches supported on piers or columns.
Colonnade
A series of columns is called
Colonnade
A series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature and usually one side of a roof structure.
Combined stresses
A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal at any point to their algebraic sum.
Transverse shear
A shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of section.
Pozzolan
A siliceous material, such as fly ash, that reacts chemically with slaked lime in the presence of moisture to form a slow-hardening cement, named after a natural cement from pozzuoli, an ancient roman town near vesuvius.
Cap
A similar projection at the top is called
Double hanging beam
A simple beam extending beyond both of its supports.
Suspended-span or hung span
A simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned construction joints at points of zero moment.
Atrium
A skylit, central court in building, esp. A large interior one having a glass roof and surrounded by several stories of galleries.
Long column
A slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing.
Fieche
A slender spire rising from the ridge of a roof, esp. One above the crossing of a gothic church.
Camber
A slight convex curvature intentionally built into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflection.
Galilee
A small porch used as a chapel for penitents at the west end of sone medieval english churches.
Pavilion
A small, often ornamental building in a garden.
Galleria
A spacious promenade , court, indoor mall, usually having a vaulted roof with commercial establishments.
Quadrangle
A square or quadrangular space or court surrounded by a building or buildings, as on a college campus.
Rammed earth
A stiff mixture of clay, sand or other agreggate, and water, compressed and dried within forms as a wall construction.
Post
A stiff vertical support, esp. A wooden column in timber framing.
Sarcophagus
A stone coffin, esp. One bearing sculpture or inscriptions and displayed as a monument.
Skewback
A stone or course of masonry having a sloping face against which the end of a segmental arch rests.
Basement
A story of a building that is wholly or partly below ground level.
Cable stayed structure
A structure having vertical or inclined masts from which cables extend to support horizontally spanning members arranged in a parallel or radial pattern.
Suspension structure
A structure of cables suspended and prestressed between compression members to directly support applied loads.
Lattice
A structure of crossed strips arranged to form a regular pattern of open spaces.
Pergola
A structure of parallel colonnades supporting an open roof of beams and crossing rafters or trelliswork, over which climbing plants are trained to grow.
Rise
The height of an arch from the spring line to the highest point of the intrados.
Crown
The highest part or point of a convex construction, such as an arch, vault, or roadway.
Moment of inertia
The sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation.
Architectonics
The unifying structure or concept of an artistic work.
Impost
The uppermost part of an abutment, often in the form of a block, capital, or molding, from which an arch springs.
Digital fabrication
The use of 3d modeling software and a cnc router, a laser cutter, or z plotter to fabricate a physical object or component . The nature of the process encourages generative strategies.
Computer modeling
The use of computer technology and mathematical algorithms to create abstract models of systems and processes to simulate their behavior. For architectural applications, computer modeling software enables the creation and manipulation of virtual, three-dimensional models of existing or proposed buildings and environments for analysis, testing and appraisal.
Computer-aided design
The use of computer technology in the design of real or virtual jects and enviroments. The tern includes a variety of software and hardware technologles, from the vector~based drawing and drafting of lines and figures in two dimensional space(2D CAD) to the modeling and animation of surfaces and solids in three-dimensional (3D CAD) space. Abbr.: CAD
Computer aided manufacturing
The use of computer technology to control the operations of a manufacturing plant, esp. The control of machine tools. Advantages of computer aided manufacturing include greater precision, efficiency, and material consistency, and a reduction in energy consumption and waste.
Keystone
The wedge-shaped, often embelished voussoir at the crown of an arch, serving to lock the other voussoirs in place.
Base
Walls are generally made wider just at the bottom so as to get a better bearing on the ground. This projection is
Cove ceiling
A ceiling having a cove.
Acoustical ceiling
A ceiling of acoustical tile or other sound-absorbing material.
Suspended ceiling
A ceiling suspended from an overhead floor or roof structure to provide space for pipes, ductwork, lighting fixtures, or other service equipment.
Lacunar
A ceiling, soffit, or vault adorned with a pattern of recessed panels.
Storm cellar
A cellar or other underground place for shelter during violent storms, such as cyclones, tornadoes, or hurricanes
Storm cellar
A cellar or other underground place for shelter during violent storms, such as cyclones, tornadoes, or hurricanes.
Bulkhead
A horizontal or inclined door over a stairway giving access to a cellar.
Linear diffuser
A long, narrow diffuser designed to disperse air through slots between the panels of an integrated ceiling system also slot diffuser.
Parapet
A low wall
Arbor
A shelter of shrubs and branches or of latticework intertwined with climbing vines and flowers.
Post
A short piece of wall bout as long as it thick is called
Overhanging beam
A simple beam extending beyond one its supports.
Integrated ceiling
A suspended ceiling system incorporating acoustical, lighting, and air-handling components into a unified whole.
Linear metal ceiling
A suspended ceiling system of narrow metal strips, usually incorporating modular lighting and air-handling components.
CADD
Acronym for computer~aided design and drafting.
Bending moment
An external moment tending to cause part of a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration.
Neutral axis
An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, along which no bending stresses occur.
Stave church
An indigenous Scandinavian church of the 12th and 13th centuries, having a timber frame, plank walls, a tiered, steeply pitched roof, and few windows.
Tie rod
An iron or steel rod serving as a structural tie esp. One keeping the lower ends of an arch frame from spreading.
Funicular structures
A structure shaped to carry or support a given loading by either axial tension or compression. For any given loading condition, there is only one general funicular shape. If the loading pattern changes, bending is induced in the structure.
Science Architecture
A style or method of building characteristic of a people, place, or time.
Boolean difference
A subtractive process that removes or carves out the common volume from either one or the other of the selected solids.
Areaway
A sunken area affording access, air, and light to a basement door or window.
Loft building
A building having several floors with large areas of unobstructed space, originally rented out for light industrial purposes and now frequently converted to residential occupancy.
Skycrapper
A building of exceptional height and many stories, supported by a steel or concrete framework from which the walls are suspended.
Belvedere
A building or architectural feature of a building, designed and situated to look out upon a pleasing scene.
Tower
A building or structure high in proportion to its lateral dimensions, either standing alone or forming part of a larger building.
Edifice
A building, esp. One of large size, massive structure, or imposing appearance.
Onion dome
A bulbous, domelike roof terminating in a sharp point, used esp. In russian orthodox church architecture to cover a cupola or tower.
Guy cable
A cable for absorbing the horizontal component of thrust in a suspension or cable-stayed structure and transferring the force to a ground foundation.
Boundary cable
A cable for anchoring a set of secondary cables in a suspension structure.
Cement
A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar. The term is frequently used incorrectly for concrete.
tabernacle
A canopied recess for a religious image or icon.
Camp ceiling
A ceiling having the form of a truncated pyramid.
Tile grout
A cementitious or resinous mix for filling joints in ceramic tilework.
Lady chapel
A chapel dedicated to the virgin mary, usually located behind the high altar of a cathedral at the extremity of the apse.
Chantry
A chapel endowed for the saying of masses and prayers for the souls of the founders or of persons named by them.
Prothesis
A chapel in an eastern church where the eucharistic elements are prepared, usually on the north side of the bema.
Martyrium
A church or other edifice erected over the tomb of a martyr.
Color wheel
A circular scale of the colors of spectrum, showing complementary colors opposite each other.
Rose window
A circular window, usually of stained glass and decorated with tracery symmetrical about the center.
Effective length factor
A coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions in order to determine its effective length. Fixing both ends of a long column reduces its effective length by half and increases its load carrying capacity by a factor of 4.
Louvered ceiling
A suspended ceiling of multicellular louvers for shielding the light sources mounted above it.
Luminous ceiling
A suspended ceiling of translucent panels for diffusing the light from luminaries mounted above it.
Loggia
A colonnaded or arcaded space within the body of a building but open to the air on one side, often at an upper story overlooking an open court.
Rood
A crucifix symbolizing the cross on which christ was crucified, esp, a large one set above the entrance to the choir or chancel of a medieval church.
Arch
A curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.
Bitmap
A data structure representing a generally square or rectangular grid of pixels.
Archivolt
A decorative molding or band on the face of an arch following the curve of the intrados.
Clinker
A dense, hard- burned brick used esp. For paving.
Shear diagram
A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions.
Kerf
A groove cut into edges of an acoustical tile to receive a spline or t-shaped member of a supporting grid.
Gargoyle
A grotesquely carved figure of a human or animal esp. One with an open mouth that serves as a spout and projects from a gutter to throw rainwater clear of a building.
System
A group of interacting interrelated, or interdependent things or parts forming a complex or unified whole, esp. To serve a common purpose.
Terra cotta
A hard, fired clay, reddish-brown in color when unglazed, used for architectural facings and ornaments, tile units, and pottery.
Porcelain
A hard, vitreous, translucent ceramic material consisting essentially of kaolin, feldspar, and quartz, fired at a very high temperature.
Double curvature structure
A suspension structure composed of a field of crossed cables of different and often reverse curvatures. Each set of cables has a different natural period of vibration, thus forming a self-dampening system that is more resistant to flutter.
Double cable structure
A suspension structure having upper and lower sets of cables of different curvatures, pretensioned by ties or compression struts to make the system more rigid and resistant to flutter.
Single curvature structure
A suspension structure utilizing a parallel series of cable to support surface-forming beams or plates. A single-curvature structure is a susceptible to flutter induced by the aerodynamic effects of wind. This liability can be reduced by increasing the dead load on the structure or anchoring the primary cables to the ground with transverse guy cables.
Munsell system
A system for specifying colors arranged in three orderly scales of uniform visual steps according to hue, chroma, and value, developed in 1890 by albert h. Munsell. Hue extends in a rotary direction about a central axis through a spectrum of five major and five secondary hues.
Steeple
A tall ornamental structure, usually ending in a spire and surmounting the tower of a church or other public building.
Pier
A tall post is called
Spire
A tall, acutely tapering pyramidal structure surmounting a steeple or tower.
Centering
A temporary framework for supporting a masonry arch or vault during construction until the work can support itself.
Ceramic bond
A thermochemical bond between materials resulting from exposure to temperatures approaching the fusion point of the mixture.
Short column
A thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the material available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however, can produce bending and result in an uneven stress distribution in the section.
Dosseret
A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch.
Bond coat
A thin coat of mortar for bonding ceramic tile to a backing.
Spline
A thin metal strip inserted into edges of two acoustical tiles to make a butt joint between them.
King closer
A three quarter brick for finishing a course or for spacing regular bricks
Basket-handle arch
A three-centered arch having a crown with a radius much greater than that of the outer pair of curves.
Three-hinged arch
A three-hinged frame structure having an arched form.
Thick-set process
A tile setting process in which ceramic tile is applied over a portland cement mortar bed 3/4 to 1 1/2 in.(19 to 38mm) thick, which allows for accurate slopes and planes in the finished work.
Thin-bed process
A tile-setting process in which ceramic tile is bonded to a continuous, stable backing with a thin coat a dry -set mortar, latex -portland cement mortar, epoxy mortar, or an organic adhesive, 1/32 to 1/8 in. (0.8 to 3.2mm) thick.
China
A translucent ceramic material, bisque-fired at a high temperature and glaze-fired at a lower temperature.
Bema
A transverse open space separating the nave and the apse of an early christian church, developing into the transept of later cruciform churches.
Color triangle
A triangular diagram developed by faber birren to describe the relationship between a pure hue, white, and black, which combine to yield secondary tints, tones, shades, and grays. All colors may be subjectively conceived as a mixture of the psychological primaries-red, yellow, green, and blue- plus the achromatic pair of white and black.
Two-hinged arch
A two-hinged frame structure having an arched form.
Air-entraining portland cement
A type I, type II, or type III portland cement to which a small quantity of an air-entraining agent has been interground during manufacture; designated by the suffix A, as in type IA, type IIA, or type IIIA.
Cross-in-square
A typical byzantine church plan having nine bays. The center bay is large square surmounted by a dome; the smaller square corner bays are domed or vaulted; and the rectangular side bays are barrel vaulted.
Half story
A usable living space within a sloping roof, usually having dormer windows for lighting.
Half-story
A usable living space within a sloping roof, usually having dormer windows for lighting.
Porte cochere
A vehicular passageway leading through a building of screen wall into an interior courtyard.
Lanai
A veranda, esp. One used as a living room.
Mast
A vertical or inclined compression member in a suspension or cable stayed structure, supporting the sum of the vertical force components in the primary and guy cables. Inclining the mast enables it to pick up some of the horizontal cable thrust and reduces the force in the guy cables.
Type III: high early strength
A very finely ground portland cement having an increased content of tricalcium silicate, causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal portland cement; used when the early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-weather construction to reduce the time required for protection from low temperatures.
Glaze
A vitreous layer or coating fused to clay body to color, decorate, waterproof, or strengthen its surface.
Enamel
A vitreous, usually opaque, decorative or protective coating applied by fusion to the surface of metal, glass, or pottery.
Alure
A walk or passage, as along a cloister or behind the parapets of a castle.
Advancing color
A warm color that appears to move toward an observer, giving an illusion of space.
Folly
A whimsical or extravagant structure built to serve as a conversation piece, lend interest to a view, or commemorate a person or event, found esp. In 18th- century england.
Ell
A wing at right angles to the length of a building.
Cmyk
Acronym for the four colored inks used in the printing process-cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
Gray
An achromatic color between white and black.
Metal pan
An acoustical tile consisting of a steel or aluminum pan having a perforated face and containing a separate layer of sound-absorbing material.
P-delta effect
An additional moment developed in a structural member as its longitudinal axis deviates from the line of action of a compressive force, equal to the product of the load and the member deflection at any point.
Stereolithography
An additive manufacturing technology for producing physical objects or models, using a vat of liquid uv- curable photopolymer resin and a uv laser to fabricate the designed object a single thin layer at a time.
Boolean union
An additive process that combines two or more individual and separate solids into a single new solid that consists of both the common and uncommon volumes of the selected solids.
Ambulatory
An aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of a church.
Regionalism
An approach to architecture that strives to counter a lack of identity or sense of place by utilizing the geographical context of a building to guide its design response to topography, climate, light, and tectonic form.
Interlacing arcade
An arcade, esp. A blind one, composed of arches resting on alternate supports and overlapping in series where they cross.
Triforium
An arcaded story in a church, between the nave arches and clerestory and corresponding to the space between the vaulting and the roof of an aisle.
Masonry arch
An arch constructed of individual stone or brick voussoirs.
Round arch
An arch having a continuously curved intrados, esp. A semicircular one.
Trefoil arch
An arch having a cusped intrados with three round or pointed foils.
Flat arch
An arch having a horizontal intrados with voussoirs radiating from a center below, often built with a slight camber to allow for settling.
Pointed arch
An arch having a pointed crown.
Surbased arch
An arch having a rise of less than half the span.
Roman arch
An arch having a semicircular intrados.
Horseshoe arch
An arch having an intrados that widens above the springing before narrowing to a rounded crown.
Rampant arch
An arch having one impost higher than the other.
Stilted arch
An arch resting on imposts treated as downward continuations of the archivolt.
Funicular arch
An arch shaped to develop only axial compression under a given loading.
Segmental arch
An arch struck from one or more centers below the springing line.
Rigid arch
An arched structure of timber, steel, or reinforced concrete, constructed as a rigid body capable of carrying bending stresses.
Skew arch
An archway having sides or jambs not at right angles with the face of its abutments.
Crawl space
An area in a building having a clearance less than human height, but accessible by crawling, esp. Such a space below the first floor that is enclosed by the foundation walls.
Court
An area open to the sky and mostly or entirely surrounded by walls or buildings.
Promenade
An area used for a stroll or walk, esp. In a public place, as for pleasure or display.
Color scheme
An arrangement or pattern of colors conceived of as forming an integrated whole.
Chapter
An assembly of the monks in a monastery, or the members of a religious house or order.
Paradise
An atrium or cloister beside a church.
Basilica
An early christian church, characterized by a long, rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and covered by a timbered gable roof, two or four lower side aisles, a semicircular apse at the end, a narthex, and often features, such as an atrium, a bema, and small semicircular apses terminating the aisles.
Balcony
An elevated platform projecting from the wall of a building and enclosed by a railing or parapet.
Bagh
An enclosed garden in indian architecture.
Close
An enclosed place, esp. The land surrounding or beside a cathedral.
Sulfate action
An expansive reaction occurring when the cement matrix of concrete or mortar comes in contract with sulfates dissolved in ground water or in soil.
Porch
An exterior appendage to a building, forming a covered approach or vestibule to a doorway.
Esonarthex
An inner narthex when two are present.
Tone
An intermediate value of a color between a tint and a shade.
Tone
An intermediate value of a color between a tint and shade.
Resisting moment
An internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered.
Porcelain enamel
An opaque, glass coating bonded to metal by fusing at high temperature also called vitreous enamel
Industry Foundation Classes
An open specification for an object-oriented file format for BIM modeling, develop and maintained by buildingSMART International ( formerly the International Alliance for Interoperability) to facilitate interoperability among software platforms in the building industry. Abb.:IFC
Piazza
An open square or public place in a city or town, esp. In italy.
Terrace
An open, often paved area connected to a house or building and serving as an outdoor living area.
Atrium
An open, skylit court around which a house or building is built.
Deck
An open, unroofed porch or platform extending from a house or other building.
Parterre
An ornamental arrangement of flower beds of different shapes and sizes.
Baldachin
An ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently placed over the altar in a church.
Crypt
An underground chamber or vault used as a burial place, esp. One beneath the main floor of a church.
Pillar
An upright, relatively slender shaft or structure, usually of brick or stone, used as a building support or standing alone as a monument.
Boolean operations
Any of a number of operations based on boolean logic and used in computer modeling to form more complex objects from a set of primitives, such as the cube,cylinder,sphere,pyramid, or cone.
Bay
Any of a number of principal compartments or divisions of a wall, roof, or other part of a building marked off by vertical or transverse supports.
Digital lighting
Any of a range of digital techniques for modeling and simulating the lighting of three dimensional forms and spaces.
Piloti
Any of a series of columns supporting a building above an open ground level.
Primary color
Any of a set of colors, such as red, yellow, and blue, regarded as generating all other colors.
Bézier curve
Any of class of mathematically derived curves developed by french engineer pierre bézier for cad/cam operations.
Order
Any of several concentric rings of masonry forming an arch, esp. When each projects beyond the one below.
Tile accessory
Any of the ceramic or nonceramic articles designed to be affixed to or inserted in tilework, such as tower bars, soap holders, and the like.
Aisle
Any of the longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the nave by a row of columns or piers.
Behavioral science
Any of the sciences, such as sociology and anthropology, that seek to discover general truths from the observation of human behavior in society.
Bond
Any of various arrangements of masonry units having a regular, recognizable, usually overlapping pattern to increase the strength and enhance the appearance of the construction.
Hollow tile
Any of various cellular building units of fired clay, concrete, or gypsum, used for building walls, floors, and roofs, or for fireproofing steelwork.
Ceramic tile
Any of various fired clay tile used for surfacing walls, floors, and countertops.
Jumbo brick
Any of various oversized bricks having nominal dimensions established by the manufacturer.
Ceramic ware
Any of various products made by firing clay or similar materials in a kiln, such as brick, tile, and pottery.
Trimmer
Any of various specially shaped ceramic tiles for finishing an edge or angle.
Rapid prototyping
Any of various techniques for fabricating physical objects using the data from a cad drawing or virtual 3d model and additive manufacturing technology to lay down successive layers of liquid, powder, or sheet material, which are glued or fused together to create the final physical model.
Voussoir
Any of wedge-shaped units in a masonry arch or vault, having side cuts converging at one of the arch centers.
Taste
Critical judgement, discernment, or appreciate of what is fitting, harmonious, or beautiful prevailing in a culture or personal to an individual.
Fly ash
Fine particles of ash recovered from the waste gases of a solid-fuel furnace.
Architectural terra cotta
Hard-burned, glazed or unglazed terra cotta, hand-molded or machine- extruded to order as a ceramic veneer for walls or for ornamentation.
Semivitreous
Having a moderate water absorption of slightly under 6%
Achromatic
Having no saturation and therefore no hue, such as white, black, or gray.
Monochromatic
Having only one color or exhibiting varying intensities and values of a single hue.
Polychromatic
Having or exhibiting a variety of colors.
Nonvitreous
Having water absorption greater than 7%
Stoneware
High -fired, opaque, vitrified ceramic ware.
Ceramic mosaic tile
Small ceramic tile having a porcelain or natural clay body, glazed for surfacing walls or unglazed for use on both floors and walls, and usually face or back - mounted on sheets to facilitate handling and speed installation.
Middle third rule
The proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the section.
Radius of gyration
The radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. For structural section, the radius of gyration is equal to the square root of the quotient of the moment of inertia and the area.
Slenderness ratio
The ratio of the effective length of a column to its least radius of gyration.
Saturation coefficient
The ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a clay masonry unit immersed in cold water to the weight absorbed when immersed in boiling water, indicating the probable resistance of the brick to the action of freezing and thawing.
Christianity
The religion founded on the teachings of jesus christ, including the catholic, protestant, and eastern orthodox churches.
Display resolution
The resolution at which a computer monitor displays an image, which may be specified by the number of pixels per inch (ppi) that can be displayed in each direction (e.g. A pixel density of 96ppi), or by the number of columns and rows of pixels per inch (ppi) creating the display(e.g. Pixel dimension 1280x800).
Sag
The vertical distance from the supports to the lowest point of a cable structure.
Superstructure
The vertical extension of a building or other construction above the foundation.
Absorption
The weight of water absorbed by a clay masonry unit when immersed in either cold or boiling water for a stated length of time, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the dry unit.
Suction or initial rate of absorption
The weight of water absorbed by a clay masonry unit when partially immersed for one minute, expressed in grams or ounces per minute.
Acoustical tile
Tile made in various sizes and textures from a soft, sound-absorbing material, such as cork, mineral fiber, or glass fiber.
Claim
To assert or demand recognition or possession.
Gauge
To chip or rub stones or bricks to a certain size or shape.
Merge
To combine, blend, or unite gradually by stages so as to blur identity or distinctions.
Surround
To enclose or encompass on all sides.
Front
To face in a specific direction or look out upon.
Calcine
To heat a substance to a high temperature but without melting or fusing to drive off volatile matter or to cause oxidation or reduction.
Vitrify
To make a clay body vitreous by firing at a specified temperature.
OmniClass
Trademark for a construction classification structure for electronic databases, incorporating other extant systems currently in use, such as MasterFormat and UniFormat.
BuildingSMART alliance
Trademarked name for a council of the National Institute of Building Standards (NIBS). established to develop and promote open standards for gathering, maintaining, and communicating technical information for the design, construction, and facilities industries, and the full life~cycle implementation of a single National Building Information Model Standrad (NBIMS).
BuildingSMART International
Trademarked name for an international organization with reprecesentation in North American, Europe, Asia, and Australia, bringing together architects, engineers, contractors, facilities managers, product manufacturers, and software vendors to define and develop open international standards and protocols for data echange in building information modeling; formerly the International Aillance for Interoperability.
Bat
A brick cut transversely so as to leave one end whole.
Fixed arch
A fixed frame structure having an arched form.
Siliceous
Containing silica or a silicate.
Bema
The sanctuary space surrounding the altar of an eastern church.
Frieze
Above it, between the architrave and the cornice , there is generally a little strip of wall called
Suspension bridge
A bridge having a deck suspended from cables raised on towers and securely anchored to abutments at the ends.
Lag
A crosspiece connecting the ribs in a centering. Also called BOLSTER.
Cove
A Concave surface forming part of a ceiling at its edge so as to eliminate the usual interior angle between the wall and the ceiling.
Local illumination
A basic level of ray tracing that is limited to direct illumination and ambient light rays. Local illumination does not take into account the diffuse inter-reflection of light among the surfaces in a three dimensional space or scene.
Cantharus
A basin of a ritual cleansing with a water in the atrium of an early christian basilica.
Font
A basin, usually of stone, holding the water used in baptism.
Continuous beam
A beam extending over more than two supports in order to develop greater rigidly and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading.
Fixed-end beam
A beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam, and reduce its maximum deflection.
Cantilever
A beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum.
Simple beam
A beam resting on a simple supports at both ends, which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance. As with any statically determinate structure, the values of all reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross-sectional shape and material.
Architrave or epistyle
A beam that spans the space between two piers or columns or between a pier or column and a wall is called
Campanile
A bell tower, usually one near but not attached to the body of a church.
Positive moment
A bending moment that produces a concave curvature at a section of a structure.
Negative moment
A bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure.
Camber piece
A board used as centering for a flat arch, slightly crowned to allow for settling of the arch.
Science
A branch of knowledge dealing with a body of facts or truths obtained by direct observation, experimental investigation, and methodical study, systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws.
Nominal dimension
A brick dimension larger than the actual dimension to account for the thickness of a mortar joint.
Flare header
A brick having a darker end exposed as a header in patterned brickwork.
Norman brick
A brick having nominal dimensions of 4 x 2 2/3 x 12 in. (102 x 68 x 305mm)
Engineered brick
A brick having nominal dimensions of 4 x 31/5 x 8 in. (102 x 81 x 203mm).
Norwegian brick
A brick having nominal dimensions of 4 x 31/5x 12 in. (102 x 81 x 305mm)
Modular brick
A brick having nominal dimensions of 4x2 2/3 x 8 in. (102 x 68 x 203mm)
Shiner
A brick laid horizontally on the longer edge with the broad face exposed.
Rowlock
A brick laid horizontally on the longer edge with the shorter end exposed.
Sailor
A brick laid vertically with the broad face exposed.
Soldier
A brick laid vertically with the longer face edge exposed.
Firebrick
A brick made of fire clay and used for lining furnaces and fireplaces.
Queen closer
A brick of half the normal width used for completing a course or for spacing regular bricks.
Stretcher
A brick or other masonry unit laid horizontally in a wall with the longer edge exposed or parallel to the surface.
Header
A brick or other masonry unit laid horizontally in a wall with the shorter end exposed or parallel to the surface.
Soap
A brick or tile having normal face dimensions but a nominal thickness of 2 in. (51 mm).
Cull
A brick or timber rejected as being of inferior quality.
Garden wall bond
A brickwork bond for lightly loaded boundary walls, having a sequence of a header and three stretchers in each course, with each header being centered over a header in alternate courses.
Common bond
A brickwork bond having a course headers between every five or six courses of stretchers.
English bond
A brickwork bond having alternate courses of headers and stretchers in which the headers are centered on stretchers and the joints between stretchers line up vertically in all courses.
Flemish bond
A brickwork bond having alternating headers and stretchers in each course,each header being centered above and below a stretcher.
Running bond
A brickwork or masonry bond composed of overlapping stretchers.
Stack bond
A brickwork or masonry bond having successive courses of stretchers with all head joints aligned vertically.
Cymk color model
A color model in which the four colored inks used in color printing - cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. Subtract brightness from the typically white background of the paper, with black resulting from the full combination of colored inks. Each of these colors absorbs certain wavelengths of light, with the colors we see being the colors that are not absorbed. By using a halftone of dots for each color, the full spectrum of printed colors can be achieved.
RGB color model
A color model in which white is the additive combination of the three primary colored lights-- red, green, and blue lights can be added together in various ways to reproduce the spectrum of colors we see. The main purpose of this is for the sensing, representation, and display of images in electronics display system, such as digital cameras, scanners, projectors, computer monitors, and televisions.
Additive color
A color produced by combining lights of red, green, and blue wavelengths. These light or additive primaries contain all the wavelengths necessary to produce a colorless or white light.
Subtractive color
A color produced by mixing cyan, yellow, and magenta pigments, each of which absorbs certain wavelengths. A balanced mixture of these colorant or subtractive primaries theoretically yields black since it absorbs all wavelengths of visible light.
Tertiary color
A color, such as brown. Produced by mixing two secondary colors, or a secondary color with one of its constituent primaries.
Secondary color
A color, such as orange, green or violet. Produced by mixing two primary colors.
Intermediate column
A column having a mode of failure between that of a short column and a long column, often partly inelastic by crushing and partly elastic by buckling.
Trumeau
A column supporting the tympanum of a doorway at its center.
Bending stress
A combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of a structural member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface furthest from the neutral axis.
Split complementary
A combination of one color and the pair of colors adjoining its complementary color on a color wheel.
Triad
A combination of three colors forming an equilateral triangle on a color wheel.
Double complementary
A combination of two analogous colors and their complementary colors on a color wheel.
Story
A complete horizontal division of a building, having a continuous or nearly continuous floor and comprising the space between two adjacent levels.
Tricalcium silicate
A compound constituting about half the volume of portland cement and responsible for the hardening or early gain in strength of the cement.
Dicalcium silicate
A compound constituting about one quarter of the volume of portland cement and responsible for the aging or long term gain in strength of the cement.
Tricalcium aluminate
A compound constituting about one tenth of the volume of portland cement and responsible for the initial setting of the cement.
Global illumination
A computationally intensive digital technique that uses sophisticated algorithms to more accurately simulate the illumination of a space or scene by taking into account not only the light rays that are emitted directly from one or more sources but also tracking the light rays as they are reflected or refracted from one surface to another, especially the diffuse inter-reflections that occur among the surfaces in a space or scene.
3d printing
A computer-driven rapid prototyping process using a printer to build a physical model directly from 3d cad data.
Heading course
A continuous course of headers in brickwork.
Bond course
A continuous course of headers or bondstones overlapping more than one wythe of masonry.
Soldier course
A continuous course of soldiers in brickwork.
Stretching course
A continuous course of stretchers in brickwork.
Floor
A continuous supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building, having a number if rooms and constituting one level in the structure.
Floor
A continuous supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building, having a number of rooms and consulting one level in the structure.
Receding color
A cool color that appears to move away from an observer, giving an illusion of space.
Courtyard
A court adjacent to or within a building, esp. One enclosed on all four sides.
Forecourt
A courtyard before the entrance to a building or a group of buildings.
Garth
A courtyard or quadrangle enclosed by a cloister.
Patio
A courtyard, esp. Of a house, enclosed by low buildings, arcades, or walls.
Sanitary base
A coved tile set at the meeting of a floor and wall to prevent accumulation of dirt and to facilitate cleaning.
Slype
A covered passage, esp. One between the transept and chapter house of a cathedral.
Ambulatory
A covered place for walking, as around a cloister.
Cloister
A covered walk having an arcade or colonnade on one side opening onto a courtyard.
Exonarthex
A covered walk or outer narthex situated before an inner narthex.
Brick grade
A designation indicating the durability of a brick unit when exposed to weathering. The U.S. is divided into three weathering regions- severe, moderate, and negligible -- according to annual winter rainfall and the annual number of freezing cycle days. Brick is graded for use in each region according to compressive strength, maximum water absorption, and maximum saturation coefficient.
Brick type
A designation indicating the permissible variation in size, color, chippage, and distortion allowed in a facing brick unit.
Vector image
A digital image created and defined by mathematically based software routines for such geometric primitives as points, straight lines, curves, and shapes, and form which more complex graphic elements can be created.
Raster image
A digital image that consists of a grid of closely spaced pixels.
Ray casting
A digital technique for analyzing the three dimensional geometry of forms and determining the illumination and shading of surfaces based on their orientation to an assumed light source. Does not take into account the way light travels after intersecting a surface and therefore cannot accurately render reflections, refractions, or the natural fall off of shadows.
Building information modeling
A digital technology for creating, managing, coordinating, and optimizing building data, using a database of project information and three-dimensional, dynamic modeling software to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of building information, including building geometry, spatial relationship, lighting analysis, geographic information, and quantities and properties of building materials and computers, Building information modeling software can be used for the life-cycle of a building from design to visualization studies, production of contract documents, simulation and analysis of building performance, coordination of the construction process, and management of facilities operation. Abb.:BIM
Portal
A doorway, gate, or entrance, esp. An imposing one emphasized by size and stately architectural treatment.
False front
A facade falsifying the size or importance of a building.
Corbel arch
A false arch constructed by corbeling courses from each side of an opening until they meet at a midpoint where a capstone is laid to complete the work. The stepped reveals may be smoothed, but no arch action is effected.
Portland cement mortar
A field mix of portland cement, sand water, and sometimes hydrated lime, used for leveling or setting ceramic tile in the thick -set process.
Kaolin
A fine white clay used in the manufacture of porcelain and white portland cement. Also called china clay
French arch
A flat arch having voussoirs inclined to the same angles on each side of the center.
Plafond
A flat or vaulted ceiling of decorative character.
Cable
A flexible structural member, such as wire rope metal chain, having high tensile strength but offering no resistance to compression or bending.
Flemish diagonal bond
A form of flemish cross bond in which the courses are offset to form a diamond pattern.
Flexure formula
A formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the cross-sectional properties of a beam.
Tudor arch
A four- centered arch having an inner pair of curves with a radius much greater than that of the outer pair.
Trellis
A frame supporting open latticework, used as a screen or a support for growing vines or plants.
Gazebo
A freestanding roofed structure, usually open on the sides, affording shade and rest in a garden or park.
Kiln
A furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying something, esp. One for firing pottery, baking bricks, or drying timber.
Clinker
A fused mass of incombustible matter resulting from heating in a kiln or the burning of coal.
Frit
A fused or partially fused material that is ground to introduce a soluble or unstable ingredient into glazes or enamels.
Loft
A gallery or upper level in a church or hall.
Section modulus
A geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.
Radiosity
A global illumination algorithm for rendering all of the luminous energy emitted and reflected from the diffuse surfaces in a scene, based on a detailed analysis of the rate of transfer of radiant energy between the surfaces. Considered to be more accurate but also more computationally intensive than ray tracing, Radiosity assumes that all surfaces emit and reflect energy uniformly over their entire area, and that all of the energy in an environment can be accounted for through absorption and reflection.
Ray tracing
A global illumination technique for simulating the optical effects of illumination, executed by tracing the path a ray of light travels from its source to a surface that interrupts its progress, where it may be absorbed, reflected, or refracted in one or more directions, depending on the material, color, and texture of the surface.
Moment diagram
A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moments present in a structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions.
Subbasement
Any story or floor below the main basement of a building.
Technology
Applied science; the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical methods and materials, and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment.
Raster images
Are typically characterized by pixel width and height and by the number of bits per pixel, and can be stored in various file formats and viewed on a monitor, projected on screen, or printed on paper. The prime example was digital photographs.
5D modeling
BIM modeling that integrates three-dimensional CAD drawing with the dimensions of time and cost data to visually link design and scheduling with pricing and budgeting for equipment, labor,and materials. 5D modeling enables users to analyze the effect a contemplated change would have on other sections of a project as well as how the change might affect both cost and scheduling.
4D modeling
BIM modeling that intergrates three-dimensional CAD drawings with the fourth demension of time to visualize the construction sequence and identify scheduling constraints, conflicts, and opportunities for optimization.
Brickwork
Brick construction, esp. The art of bonding bricks effectively.
Sand struck brick
Brick formed in the soft-mud process with a mold lined with sand to prevent sticking, producing a matte-textured surface.
Water-struck brick
Brick formed in the soft-mud process with a mold lubricated with water to prevent sticking, producing a smooth, dense surface.
Roman brick
Brick having nominal dimensions of 4 x 2 x 12in.(102 x 51 x 305mm)
SCR brick
Brick having nominal dimensions of 6 x 2 2/3 x in( 102 x 68 x 305mm). Stands for structural clay research and is a trademark of the brick institute of america.
Common brick
Brick made for general building purposes and not specially treated for color and texture. Also called building brick.
Facing brick
Brick made of special clays for facing a wall, often treated to produce the desired color and surface texture.
MW
Brick suitable for exposure to moderate weathering, as when used above grade on surfaces unlikely to be permeated with water in subfreezing temperatures.
NW
Brick suitable for exposure to negligible weathering, as when used as a backup or in interior masonry.
SW
Brick suitable for exposure to severe weathering, as when in contact with the ground or used on surfaces likely to be permeated with water in subfreezing temperatures.
Capitals
Caps of piers and columns are called
Hydraulic cement
Cement capable of setting and hardening by a reaction with water.
Glazed wall tile
Ceramic tile having a nonvitreous body and a bright, matte, or crystalline glaze, used for surfacing interior walls and light-duty floors.
Topiary
Clipped or trimmed into ornamental and fantastic shapes, or the work of art of such clipping.
Solid modeling
Computer modeling that represents both the geometric structure and the interior volume of a three dimensional object or building. With a solid model, it is possible to assign physical properties, calculate physical behavior, and to check for object interference.
Wireframe modeling
Computer modeling that represents the form of a three-dimensional object or building by specifying the vertices and edges off all mathematically continuous surfaces, including opposite sides and all internal components normally hidden from view.
Surface modeling
Computer modeling that represents the geometric structure of a three-dimensional object or building by defining its surfaces rather than its interior volume, usually with polygons consisting of vertices, edges and faces, creating a polygon mesh that can be edited by subdividing, trimming, intersecting, stretching or projecting. Because curved surfaces can only be approximated by a polygon mesh, such mathematical algorithms as non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) are used to model true curves and complex surfaces. Modeled surfaces can also be texture-mapped to add color and texture, and be assigned weight and a center of gravity for simulations.
Parametric modelling
Computer modeling that used rules and constraints to define and represent the attributes and behaviors of a three dimensional object or building and to maintain consistent relationships and interactions among its elements and components. Also called feature based modeling.
Cnc router
Computer numerical control router. A machine tool or other powered mechanical device driven and controlled by a computer program to fabricate components, esp. By the milling of plywood and other sheet materials.
Bit
Contraction of binary+ digit: a variable or computed quantity that can have only two possible values, such as the binary digits, 0 and 1, or logical values, such as true/false, yes/no, or on/off.
Pixel
Contraction of picture + element: the smallest addressable area of illumination on a display screen.
Arcuate
Curved or arched like a bow; a term used in describing the arched or vaulted structure of a romanesque church or gothic cathedral, as distinguished from the trabeated architecture of an egyptian hypostyle hall or greek doric temple.
High-rise
Describing a building having a comparatively large number of stories and equipped with elevators.
Mid-rise
Describing a building having a moderately large number of stories, usually 5 to 10, and equipped with elevators.
Low-rise
Describing a building having one, two , or three stories and usually no elevator.
Blind
Describing a recess in a wall having the appearance of a window (blind window) or door (blind door), inserted to complete a series of windows or to provide symmetry of design.
Pale
Designating a color having high lightness and low saturation.
Brilliant
Designating a color having high lightness and strong saturation.
Dark
Designating a color having low lightness and low saturation, and reflecting only a small fraction of incident light.
Deep
Designating a color having low lightness and strong saturation.
Cool
Designating a color inclined toward or dominated by green, blue, or violet.
Warm
Designating a color inclined toward or dominated by red, orange, or yellow.
Bisque
Earthenware or porcelain that has been fired once but not glazed. Also called biscuit.
Ambo
Either of two raised stands from which the gospels or epistles were read or chanted in an early christian church.
Haunch
Either side of an arch curving down from the crown to the impost.
FBX
Facing brick suitable for use where a minimum variation in a size, narrow color range, and high degree of mechanical perfection are required.
FBS
Facing brick suitable for use where a wider color range and greater variation in size are permitted than for type FBX
FBA
Facing brick suitable for use where particular effects are desired resulting from nonuniformity in size, color, and texture of the individual units.
Hard burned
Fired at a high temperature to near vitrification and having relatively low absorption and high compressive strength.
Soft burned
Fired at a low temperature and having relatively high absorption and low compressive strength.
Glaze-fired
Fired to fuse a glaze to clay body
Bisque-fired
Fired to harden a clay body.
Flashing
Firing brick units alternately with too much or too little air to vary their face color.
Allee
French term for broad walk planted with trees.
Blobitecture
From blob + architecture: a term coined by Grey Lynn to describe experiments with indeterminate forms in digital design. Now, an often derogatory and rounded shapes and forms. While seemingly arbitrary in nature, many exemples reply on computer modeling algorithms to derive their freeform surfaces.
Stained glass
Glass colored or stained by having pigments baked onto its surface or by having various metallic oxides fused into it while in a molten state.
Eaves
If the roof extends beyond the wall that supports it, the projection is called
Cornice
If the wall also projects to support the extension of the roof , the projection called
Valley
If the walls meet in a reentering angle, the inclined line of intersection is a called a
Hip
If two walls make a projecting angle, their roofs intersect in an inclined line called a
Corps de logis
In french architecture, a term describing the central element of a building as opposed to its subsidiary wings and pavilions.
Alameda
In latin america, a boulevard, park or public garden having a promenade lined with shade trees.
Boolean intersection
Is a process that creates a new solid based on the common volume shared by two or more selected solids.
Inverted catenary
Is the funicular shape for an arch carrying a vertical load uniformly distributed along the length of the arch axis.
Stress trajectories
Lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam.
LbX
Load bearing structural clay tile suitable for masonry walls exposed to weathering or frost action.
LB
Load-bearing structural clay tile suitable for masonry walls not exposed to frost action, or in exposed masonry where protected by a facing of 3 in.(76.2 mm) or more of stone, brick, terra cotta, or other masonry.
Earthware
Low fired, opaque, nonvitreous ceramic ware.
Entrained air
Microscopic, spherical air bubbles, typically 0.004 to 0.04 in. (0.1 to 1.0mm) in diameter, intentionally dispersed in a concrete or mortar mix by an air-entraining agent.
Coffer
One of a number of recessed, usually square or octagonal panels in a ceiling, soffit, or vault. Also called caisson, lacunar
Complementary color
One of a pair of opposing colors on a color wheel, perceived as completing or enhancing each other.
Primary cable
One of the pretensioned cables directly supporting the load on a suspension structure.
Secondary cable
One of the pretensioned cables used in for stabilizing a suspension structure against flutter, usually having a curvature opposite to that of the primary cables.
Hue
One of the three dimensions of color. The property of light by which the color of an object is classified as being red, yellow, green, or blue, or an intermediate between any contiguous pair of these colors.
Saturation
One of the three dimensions of color. The purity or vividness of a hue.
Loft
One of the upper floors of a warehouse or factory typically unpartitioned and sometimes converted or adapted to other uses, such as living quarters, artists' studios, or exhibition galleries.
Analogous color
One of two or three closely related colors on a color wheel.
Vitreous
Resembling glass, as in transparency, hardness, brittleness, luster, or having low or no porosity.
Ftx
Smooth structural facing tile suitable for exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and partitions where low absorption and stain resistance are required, and where a high degree of mechanical perfection, minimum variation in face dimensions, and narrow color range are desired.
Firing
The process of hardening or glazing ceramic ware by heating in a kiln to a specified temperature.
Art Architecture
The product or result of architectural work; building, collectively
Designing Architecture
The profession of designing buildings and other habitable environments.
Substructure
The underlying structure forming the foundation of a building or other construction.
Beam ceiling
The underside of a floor showing the supporting beams and finished to form a ceiling.
Computer simulation
The computer modeling of a natural, human, or engineering system to predict and evaluate its behavior and performance,esp. When too complex for conventional analytic solutions.
Art
The conscience use of skill, craft, and creative imagination in the production of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary significance.
Constructing Architecture
The conscious act of forming things, resulting in a unifying or coherent structure.
Crossing
The intersection of the nave and transept in a cruciform church.
High altar
The main altar of a church.
Transept
The major transverse part of a cruciform church, crossing the main axis at a right angle between the nave and choir.
Arch action
The manner in which an arch transforms the vertical forces of a supported load into inclined components and transmits them to abutments on either side of the archway.
Adobe
Sun-dried brick made of clay and straw, commonly used in regions with little rainfall.
Structural facing tile
Structural clay tile having a glazed surface, used for facing walls and partitions, esp. In areas subject to heavy wear, moisture, and strict sanitation requirements.
Fts
Structural facing tile suitable for exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and partitions where moderate absorption, slight variation in face dimensions, minor defects in surface finish, and medium color range are acceptable.
Selective absorption
The absorption of certain wavelengths of the light incident on a colored surface, the remaining portion being reflected or transmitted.
City planning
The activity or profession of determining the future physical arrangement and condition of a community, involving an appraisal of the current conditions, a forecast of future requirements, a plan for the fulfillment of these requirements, and proposals for legal, financial, and constructional programs to implement the plan.
Beauty
The aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives intense pleasure to the senses or deep satisfaction to the mind or spirit, whether arising from harmony or form or color, excellence of craft, truthfulness, originality, or other, often unspecific property
Eccentricity
The amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis.
Engineering
The art and science of applying scientific principles to practical ends in the design and construction of structures, machines, and systems.
Architecture
The art and science of designing and constructing buildings.
Interior Design
The art, business, or profession of planning the design and supervising the execution of architectural interiors, including their color schemes, furnishings, fittings, finishes, and sometimes architectural features.
Landscape architecture
The art, business, or protection of designing, arranging, or modifying the features of a landscape for aesthetic or practical reasons.
Urban Design
The aspect of architectural and city planning that deals with design of urban structures and spaces.
Space planning
The aspect of architecture and interior design that deals with the planning, layout, design, and furnishing of spaces within a proposed or existing building.
Buckling load
The axial load at a which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unstable.
Tribune
The bishop's throne, occupying a recess or apse in an early christian church.
Lateral bracing
The bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length. Lateral bracing is most effective when the bracing pattern occurs in more than one plane.
Aesthetics
The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with a view to establishing the meaning and validity of critical judgements concerning works of art.
Lateral buckling
The buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on a slender portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction.
Effective span
The center-to-center distance between the supports of a span.
Kern
The central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be present in the section. A compressive load applied beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section.
Ambulatory
The covered walk of an atrium or cloister.
Critical buckling stress
The critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section.
Bifurcation
The critical point at which a column, carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle or remain undeflected. The column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium.
Catenary
The curve assumed by a perfectly flexible, uniform cable suspended freely from two points not in the same vertical line. For a load that is uniformly distributed in a horizontal projection, the curve approaches that of a parabola.
Value
The degree by which a color appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, corresponding to lightness of the perceived color.
Chroma
The degree by which a color differs from a gray of the same lightness or brightness, corresponding to saturation of the perceived color.
Resolution
The degree of detail visible in a printed image or an image displayed on a computer monitor. The resolution of an image depends not only on how it was created but also in its physical size and the distance from which we view it.
Fenestration
The design, proportioning, and disposition of windows and other exterior openings of a building.
Brightness
The dimension of a color that is correlated with luminance and by which casual stimuli are ordered continuously from very dim to very bright. Pure white has the maximum brightness, and pure black the minimum brightness.
Lightness
The dimension of color by which an object appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, varying from black to white for surface colors and from black to colorless for transparent volume colors.
Effective length
The distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling. The effective length of a column determines its critical buckling load.when this portion of a column buckles, the entire column fails.
Effective length
The distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed-end or continuous beam, equivalent in nature to the actual length of a simply supported beam.
Clear span
The distance between the inner faces of the supports of a span.
Unbraced length
The distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling in a direction normal to its length.
Spectrum
The distribution of energy emitted by a radiant source, arranged in order of wavelengths, esp. The band of colors produced when sunlight is refracted and dispersed by a prism, comprising red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Hermitage
The dwelling of a hermit; more generally, a secluded place of residence or habitation for a religious person or group.
Span
The extent of space between two supports of a structure.
Extrados
The exterior curve, surface, or boundary of the visible face of an arch.
Shell
The exterior framework or walls and roof a building.
Springer
The first voussoir resting on the impost of an arch.
Abacus
The flat upper member of a capital is called
Ground floor
The floor of a building at or nearest to ground level.
Atrium
The forecourt of an early christian church, flanked or surrounded by porticoes.
Facade
The front of a building or any of its sides facing a public way or space, esp. One distinguished by its architectural treatment.
Parabola
The funicular shape for an arch carrying a vertical load uniformly distributed over its horizontal projection.
First floor
The ground floor of a building. In Britain and elsewhere, the first floor is the floor immediately above the ground floor.
Intrados
The inner curve or surface of an arch forming the concave underside.
Critical buckling load
The maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle. The critical buckling load for a column is inversely proportional to the square of its effective length, and directly proportional to the moment of inertia of the cross section.
Arch axis
The median line of an arched structure.
Optical mixing
The merging of juxtaposed dots or strokes of pure colors when seen from a distance to produce a hue often more luminous than that available from a premixed pigment.
Westwork
The monumental western front a romanesque church, treated as a tower or towers containing a low entrance hall below and a chapel open to the nave above.
Bit depth
The number of bits available for representing the color of a single pixel in a raster or bitmapped image. The more bits per pixel, the more colors can be displayed.
Environmental design
The ordering of the physical environment by means of architecture, engineering, construction, landscape architecture, urban design, and city planning.
Thrust
The outward force or pressure exerted by one part of a structure against another.
Haunch
The part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance. The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the moment and shear values, which typically vary long its longitudinal axis.
Choir
The part of a church occupied by the singers of a choir, usually part of the chancel.
Presbytery
The part of a church reserved for the officiating clergy.
Abutment
The part of a structure receiving and supporting the thrust of an arch, vault, or strut.
Reflected color
The perceived color of an object, determined by the wavelengths of the light reflected from its surface after selective absorption of other wavelengths of the incident light.
Deflection
The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under tranverse loading. Increasing with a load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the material.
Chapter house
The place where the chapter of a cathedral or monastery meets, usually a building attached to or a hall forming part of the cathedral or monastery.
Spring
The point at which an arch, vault, or dome rises from its support.
Shear center
The point in the cross-sectional plane of a structural member through which a transverse load must pass in order to prevent torsion or twisting of the member about a longitudinal axis.
Orientation
The position of a building on a site in relation to true north, to points on the compass, to a specific place or site feature, or to local conditions of sunlight, wind, and drainage.
Cathedral
The principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop's throne called the.....
Corona
The principal member of a cornice, which projects like a shelf and crowns the wall, is called
Nave
The principal or central part or church, extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles.
Piano nobile
The principal story of a large building, such as a palace or villa, with formal reception and dining rooms, usually one flight above the ground floor.
Stiff-mud process
The process of forming brick and structural tile by extruding stiff but plastic clay having a moisture content 12% to 15% through a die and cutting the extrusion to length with wires before firing.
Dry press process
The process of forming brick by molding relatively dry clay having a moisture content of 5% to 7% under high pressure, resulting in sharp-edged, smooth-surfaced bricks.
Soft-mud process
The process of forming brick by molding relatively wet clay having a moisture content of 20% to 30 %
Print resolution
The resolution at which an imagesetter, laser printer, or other printing device can produce text and graphics, usually measured in dots of ink or toner per inch (dpi). Most printers print the same number of dots horizontally and vertically. For example, a 600 dpi printer will place 600 tiny little dots across a horizontal inch and 600 dots in a vertical inch.
Scanner resolution
The resolution at which the charge-coupled device (ccd) or other sensor of a scanner samples an original,usually expressed in samples per inch (spi). Manufacturers often use dots per inch (dpi) in lieu of spi in specifying the resolution capability of their capability of their scanners, but technically there are no dots in the scanned image until it is printed. The higher the resolution of the scanned image. The more faithful the scan is to the original.
Camera resolution
The resolution at which the electronic sensor of a digital camera captures an image, expressed in megapixels or how many millions of pixels it can record in a single image. Or example, a camera that captures 1600x1200 pixels produces an image with a resolution of 1.92 millions pixels, which is rounded up to 2 megapixels for marketing purposes.
Chevet
The rounded east end of a gothic cathedral, including the apse and ambulatory.
Technics
The science of an art or of the arts in general.
Anthropology
The science of human beings, specif. The study of the origins, physical and cultural development, and environmental and social relations of humankind.
Sociology
The science of human social institutions and relationships, specif. The study of the origin, development, structure, functioning, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings.
Tectonics
The science or art of shaping, ornamenting, or assembling materials in building construction.
Line of thrust
The set of resultants of thrust and weight each part of an arch imposes on the next lower one. For bending to be eliminated throughout an arch, the line of thrust must coincide with the arch axis.
Funicular polygon
The shape assumed by a freely deforming cable in direct Response to a set of concentrated loads.
Funicular curve
The shape assumed by a freely deforming cable in direct response to a uniformly distributed load.
Funicular shape
The shape assumed by a freely deforming cable in direct response to the magnitude and location of external forces. A cable always adapts its shape so that it is in pure tension under the action of an applied load.
Vertical shearing stress
The shearing stress developed along a cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear, having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces.
Horizontal shearing stress
The shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along horizontal planes of a beam under transverse loading, equal at any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point.
Chancel
The space about the altar of a church for the clergy and choir, often elevated above the nave and separated from it by a railing or screen.
Plenum
The space between a suspended ceiling and the floor structure above, esp. One thar serves as a receiving chamber for conditioned air to be distributed to inhabited spaces or for return air to be conveyed back to a central plant for processing.
Tympanum
The space between an arch and the horizontal head of a door or window below, often decorated with sculpture.
Arcade
The space between piers or columns are sometimes spanned by arches, a series of which is called
Vault
The space between two parallel walls is sometimes covered by a sort of continuous arch called
Firmness
The state or equality of being solidly constructed.
Body
The structural portion of a ceramic article or the clay material or mixture from which it is made.
Buckling
The sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached.
Altar
The table in christian church upon which the eucharist, the sacrament celebrating christ's last supper, is celebrated.
Principal stresses
The tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the interaction of bending and shear stresses at a cross section of a beam.
Drift
The thrust of an arched structure on its abutments. Proportional to the total load and span, and inversely propotional to the rise.
Spandrel
The triangular-shaped, sometimes ornamented area between the extrados of two adjoining arches, or between the left or right extrados of an arch and the rectangular framework surrounding it.
Quarry tile
Unglazed ceramic floor tile having a natural clay body. Also called promenade tile.
Paver tile
Unglazed ceramic floor tile similar in composition to ceramic mosaic tile but thicker and larger in surface area.
Z plotter
a computer controlled machine that uses additive manufacturing technology to fabricate a plot of three dimensional data.