HSS 387 Exam 2
Intrinsic hand muscles have origins and insertions
...have origins and insertions on bones of the hand
Additional intrinsic hand muscles
4 lumbricals - Fprox, Emid, dist 3 Palmar interossei- PAd 4 Dorsal interossei - DAb
Deltoid middle fibers
Abduction
Deltoid posterior fibers
Abduction, extension, external rotation, and horizontal abduction
Deltoid anterior fibers
Abduction, flexion, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction
Movement phase
Action part of the skill; characterized by CONCENTRIC contractions → Goal: summation of force is directed onto the ball, opponent, etc
Teres major muscle
Adduction, extension, and internal rotation
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Adduction, extension, internal rotation, and horizontal abduction
Humeral horizontal adduction
Agonist muscle: anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, coracobrachialis
Humeral flexion
Agonist muscle: anterior deltoid, upper pectoralis major
Elbow flexors (anterior mm)
Agonist muscle: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Radioulnar supinators
Agonist muscle: biceps brachii, supinator muscle, brachioradialis
Humeral abduction
Agonist muscle: deltoid, supraspinatus, upper pectoralis major
Scapular elevation
Agonist muscle: levator scapulae, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboids Lifting the scapula without rotation in the anatomical position Ex. shoulder shrugs
Scapular depression
Agonist muscle: lower trapezius Returns scapula to a normal position after a shoulder shrug Ex. body dips
Scapular retraction (adduction)
Agonist muscle: middle trapezius, lower trapezius, rhomboids Return from abduction; occurs with retractions Ex. bent over rows, lifting a wheelbarrow
Scapular protraction (abduction)
Agonist muscle: pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior Scapula moves laterally away from spinous processes without rotation Ex. push-up, bench press
Scapular downward rotation
Agonist muscle: pectoralis minor, rhomboids Downward and medial movement; glenoid fossa is rotated downward Ex. lat pulls (pulling weight down)
Humeral horizontal abduction
Agonist muscle: posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, teres minor, infraspinatus
Humeral adduction
Agonist muscle: teres major, latissimus dorsi, lower pectoralis major
Humeral extension
Agonist muscle: teres major, latissimus dorsi, lower pectoralis major
Humeral internal rotation
Agonist muscle: teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, subscapularis
Humeral external rotation
Agonist muscle: teres minor, infraspinatus
Elbow extensors (posterior mm)
Agonist muscle: triceps brachii, anconeus
Scapular upward rotation
Agonist muscle: upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior Lateral and upward movement of the scapula Ex. raising the arms above the head
Shoulder joint muscles versus shoulder girdle muscles
Anterior: pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, subscapularis Posterior: teres minor, teres major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus Muscles insert on the humerus
Shoulder girdle muscles versus shoulder joint muscles
Anterior: pectoralis minor, serratus anterior Posterior: trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae Muscles insert on scapula
Acromioclavicular
Arthroidal joint Protraction/retraction, up/down rotation, elevation/depression, rotary gliding Often injured
Sternoclavicular joint
Arthroidal joint Protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, rotary gliding Movement in relation to the manubrium
Subscapularis (rotator cuff muscle)
Attach to lesser tubercle anteriorly Internal rotation, abduction, extension, and stabilizes the humeral head
Supraspinatus (rotator cuff muscle)
Attach to the greater tubercle from above Abduction, stabilizes the humeral head
Distal insertions for finger motion
Base of 1st metacarpal, proximal and distal phalanxes of thumb, base of proximal, middle, and distal phalanxes
Distal insertions for wrist motion
Base of 2nd, 3rd, and 5th metacarpals, pisiform, hamate
Clinical correlation: winged scapula
Caused by damage to a nerve known as the long thoracic nerve
Shoulder joint is comprised of
Clavicle, scapula, humerus
Pectoralis major muscle upper fibers
Clavicular head Abduction, adduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) of the fingers
Condyloid joint flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
Radiocarpal joint is a
Condyloid-type joint
Chin-up (finger) lowering to the DOWN position
DOWN position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors
Lat pull (fingers): lowering to the DOWN position
DOWN position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors
Bench press (wrist): lowering to the DOWN position
DOWN position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors
Push-up (wrist): lowering to the DOWN position
DOWN position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors
Follow-through phase
Deceleration phase; begins immediately after climax of previous phase; ECCENTRIC activity in muscles that are antagonists to muscles utilized in the previous phase → Goal: control the movement of the limb/body part & prevent injury
Extension in the shoulder joint is
Depression and downward rotation of the shoulder girdle
Trapzeius lower fibers
Depression, upward rotation, and retraction of the scapula
Adduction in the shoulder joint is
Downward rotation of the shoulder girdle
Triceps brachii muscle
Elbow extension
Anconeus muscle
Elbow extension to pull elbow joint synovial membrane out of the way of advancing olecrenon process during elbow extension
Brachialis muscle
Elbow flexion
Biceps brachii muscle
Elbow flexion, and forearm supination
Brachioradialis muscle
Elbow flexion, forearm pronation, and forearm supination
Aggregate muscle grouping activity example
Elbow flexors work together as an agonist group to cause flexion in opposition to the triceps brachii & anconeus (extensors) In this example elbow extensor are cooperating in their lengthening to allow the flexors to perform their task →In doing so, the triceps & anconeus may or may not be under active tension →If there is no active tension, then the lengthening is passive & caused totally by the elbow flexors →If there is active tension, then elbow extensors are contracting eccentrically to control the amount & speed of lengthening →Agonist muscle groups can function to control the opposite (antagonist) actions by contracting eccentrically
Bench press (elbow): pushing to the UP position
Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: extensors
Push-up (elbow): pushing to the UP position
Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: extensors
Chin-up (elbow): lowering to the DOWN position
Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: flexors
Lat pull (elbow) lowering to the DOWN position
Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: flexors
Chin-up (elbow): pushing to the up position
Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: flexors
Lat pull (elbow): pushing to the UP position
Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: concentric muscles involved: flexors
Bench press (elbow) lowering to the DOWN position
Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: extensors
Push-up (elbow): lowering to the DOWN position
Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: extensors
Flexion in the should joint is
Elevation and upward rotation of the shoulder girdle
Trapezius muscle middle fibers
Elevation, upward rotation, and retraction of the scapula
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Externsor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi readialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digitorum muscle
Finger extension (MCP of fingers 2-5), wrist extension, and weak elbow flexion
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
Finger flexion (MCP,PIP), wrist flexion, and weak elbow flexion
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Finger flexion (MCP,PIP,DIP), and wrist flexion
Coracobrachialis muscle
Flexion, adduction, and horizontal adduction
Shoulder joint movements versus shoulder girdle movements
Flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, abduction/adduction, horizontal abduction/adduction, diagonal abduction/adduction
Finger flexors
Flexors (anteromedially located) Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus (thumb flexor)
Pronator quadratus muscle
Forearm pronation Works with the triceps
Supinator muscle
Forearm supination Activated when movements of extension and supination are needed
Pronator teres muscle
Forearm supination, and weak elbow flexion
Radial side (intrinsic hand muscles)
Four muscles of thumb Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis (also abducts), adductor pollicis brevis (also flexes)
Recovery phase
Generally, muscles used in previous phase will CONCENTRICALLY act to return the body to its original position → Goal: regain balance and positioning
Elbow joint is a
Ginglymus joint flexion/extension Increased stability when fully extended
Proximal and distal interphalangeal (PIP/DIP)
Ginglymus joint (fingers) flexion/extension
Interphalangeal (IP) of the thumb
Ginglymus joint (thumb/IP) flexion/extension
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) of the thumb
Ginglymus joint (thumb/MCP) flexion/extension
During the UP phase of the bench press, the shoulder joint goes through this movement.
Horizontal adduction
Lat pull (humerus): returning to the UP position
Humeral movement or position: abduction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: adductors
Lat pull (humerus): pulling to the DOWN position
Humeral movement or position: adduction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: adductors
Chin-up (humerus): pulling to the UP position
Humeral movement or position: extension Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: extensors
Push-up (humerus): lowering to the DOWN position
Humeral movement or position: extension Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: flexors
Push-up (humerus): pushing to the UP position
Humeral movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: flexors
Chin-up (humerus): lowering to the DOWN position
Humeral movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: extensors
Bench press (humerus): lowering to the DOWN position
Humeral movement or position: horizontal abduction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: horizontal adductors
Bench press (humerus): pushing to the UP position
Humeral movement or position: horizontal adduction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: horizontal adductors
Extensor indicis muscle
Index finger extension (MCP), weak wrist extension, weak forarm supination
Infraspinatus (rotator cuff muscle)
Infraspinatus Attach to greater tubercle posteriorly External rotation, extension, horizontal abduction, and stabilizes the humeral head
Coracoid process
Insertion: Pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (short head)
Coronoid process
Insertion: brachialis
Styloid process
Insertion: brachioradialis
Deltoid tuberosity
Insertion: deltoid
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: flexor carpi ulnaris, flecor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superificialis
Intertubercular groove
Insertion: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Insertion: subscapularis
Greater tubercle of humerus
Insertion: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
Olecranon process
Insertion: triceps brachii, anconeus
Extensor digiti minimi muscle
Little finger extension (MCP), weak wrist extension, and weak elbow flexion
Origins for many wrist and finger flexors
Medial epicondyle, medial condyloid ridge, coranoid process
Finger and thumb joints are comprised of
Metacarpal bones (5), phalanges/digits (14), and thumb has a sesamoid bone in its flexors tendon
The thumb has 2 joints
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint Interphalangeal (IP) joint
Each finger has 3 joints
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints
Prepatory phase
Most critical phase for desired activity; becomes more dynamic as need for explosiveness increases → Goal: to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they can generate force & momentum in the next phase
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Most thumb movement happens here
Rhomboid muscles major and minor
Move scapula towards spinal column (retraction) Downward rotation and elevation of the scapula
Closed kinetic chain
Movement in one joint cannot occur unless movement occurs in another joint Occurs when chain is securely attached at both ends Movement occurs in multiple planes Very functional
Open kinetic chain
Movement in one joint does not significantly affect movement in another joint. Occurs when chain is not securely attached at the distal end Movement occurs in one plane Not very functional
Aggregate muscle grouping
Muscle are usually grouped together according to their concentric function. Muscle work in paired opposition to an antagonistic group
Aggregate muscle action
Muscles are usually grouped together according to their concentric function. Muscles work in paired opposition to an antagonistic group Ex. Triceps relax, biceps contract
Shoulder joint muscle insertion
Muscles insert on the humerus
Shoulder girdle muscle insertion
Muscles insert on the scapula
Specificity
Muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility are not general body characteristics... They are specific to each body area and muscle group.
Scapulothoracic
Not a true synovial joint Protraction/retraction, up/down rotation, elevation/depression No ligamentous support
Intrinsic glenohumeral muscles
Originate on the scapula and clavicle Insert on the humerus Deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major. Rotator cuff muscles: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
Extrinsic glenohumeral muscles
Originate on the trunk Insert on the humerus Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major
Overload principle
Our bodies will adapt to the rigors we place on them → Can be modified by changing various exercise variables (3) → Untrained vs Trained individuals will adapt differently → Periodization is important for optimal gains
SAID principle
Our bodies will adapt very specifically to overload → Specificity: muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility are specific to each body area & muscle group → Exercise must be specifically designed for desired expectations → Adaptation can be positive or negative
The kinetic chain concept
Our extremities consist of several bony segments linked by a series of joints
Horizontal adduction of the shoulder is
Protraction (abduction) of the shoulder girdle
Internal rotation of the shoulder is
Protraction (abduction) of the shoulder girdle
Shoulder girdle movements versus shoulder joint movements
Protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, upward/downward rotation remember scapular tilt
Pectoralis minor muscle
Protraction: pulls scapula forward, tilts lower border away from the ribs Downward rotation and depression of the scapula
Radiocarpal joint does these movements
Radiocarpal flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
Radioulnar and elbow joint are comprised of
Radius and ulna
Radiocarpal joint is comprised of
Radius, ulna, and carpal bones
Stance phase
Relatively static, allows athlete to assume a balanced body position → Goal: set joint angles in the correct position
External rotation of the shoulder is
Retraction (adduction) of the shoulder girdle
Horizontal abduction of the shoulder is
Retraction (adduction) of the shoulder girdle
Carpometacarpal (CMC) of the thumb
Saddle joint flexion/extension, abduction
Proximal row from radial to ulnar side
Scaphoid (boat shaped) Lunate (moon shaped) Triquetrum (three cornered) Pisiform (pea-shaped)
Radioulnar and elbow joint functions
Scapula and humerus serve as proximal attachments for muscles that flex and extend the elbow Ulna and radius serve as distal attachments for these same muscles
Trapezius muscle upper fibers
Scapular elevation and upward rotation Extension and rotation of the head
Bench press (scapula): slowly extend the elbows and raise the bar to the UP position
Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: protractors
Push-up (scapula): laying prone on the floor, slowly extend the elbows and move into the UP position
Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: protractors
Bench press (scapula): hold the UP position
Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: protractors
Push-up (scapula): hold the UP position
Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: protractors
Lat pull (scapula): slowly return the bar to the starting position (RETURN or UP phase)
Scapular movement or position: protraction, upward rotatation, and elevation Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors
Chin-up (scapula): slowly begin the DOWN phase by lowering the body back to start
Scapular movement or position: protraction, upward rotation, and elevation Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors
Bench press (scapula): slowly return to the DOWN position
Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: protractors
Push-up (scapula): move into the DOWN position by slowly flexing the elbows (move the floor)
Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: protractors
Push-up (scapula): hold the DOWN position
Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: protractors
Bench press (scapula): start in the DOWN position by lying supine on the bench
Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: relaxed Muscles involved: none
Chin-up (scapula): hanging from the bar, slowly begin by pulling UP to the chinning position
Scapular movement or position: retraction, downward rotation, and depression Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors
Lat pull (scapula): sitting on the bench, slowly begin by pulling the bar towards the chest (DOWN phase)
Scapular movement or position: retraction, downward rotation, and depression Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors
Shoulder girdle muscle function
Stabilize scapula so the shoulder muscles have a stable base to exert force when moving the humerus... Enhance movement of the upper extremity
Pectoralis major muscle lower fibers
Sternal head Adduction, extension, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis are intrinsic glenohumeral muscles
Teres minor (rotator cuff muscle)
Teres minor Attach to greater tubercle from posteriorly External rotation, extension, horizontal abduction, and stabilizes the humeral head
Ulnar side (intrinsic hand muscles)
Three muscles of the little finger Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis
Abductor pollicis longus muscle
Thumb abduction (CMC), thumb extension (CMC), wrist abduction, weak wrist flexion, and weak forearm supination
Extensor pollicis brevis muscle
Thumb extension (CMC,MCP), wrist abduction, and wrist extension
Extensor pollicis longus muscle
Thumb extension (CMC,MCP,IP), wrist extension, wrist abduction, and weak forearm supination
Flexor pollicis longus muscle
Thumb flexion (CMC,IP), wrist flexion, and wrist abduction
Distal row from the radial to ulnar side
Trapezium (greater multangular) Trapezoid (lesser multangular) Capitate (head shaped) Hamate (hooked)
Chin-up (finger) pushing to the UP position
UP position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors
Lat pull (fingers): pushing to the UP position
UP position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric muscles involved: flexors
Bench press (wrist): Pushing to the UP position
UP position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors
Push-up (wrist): pushing to the UP position
UP position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors
Abduction in the shoulder joint is
Upward rotation of the shoulder girdle
Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
Wrist extension, wrist abduction, and weak elbow flexion
Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
Wrist extension, wrist abduction, weak elbow flexion, and weak pronation
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
Wrist extension, wrist adduction, and weak elbow extension
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Wrist flexion, and wrist abduction Elbow flexion and forearm pronation
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Wrist flexion, and wrist abduction, weak elbow flexion
Palmaris longus muscle
Wrist flexion, weak elbow flexion
Abductor of thumb and wrist
abductor pollicis longus
Radioulnar pronators (anterior mm)
agonist muscle: pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis
Shoulder girdle is comprised of
clavicle and scapula
Levator scapulae muscle
elevates medial margin of the scapula
Wrist extensors
extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris
Finger extensors
extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis longus (thumb extensor), extensor pollicis brevis (thumb extensor)
Wrist flexors
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
Origins for many wrist and finger extensors
lateral epicondyle, lateral supracondylar ridge
Serratus anterior muscle
protraction: pulls medial border of scapula away from spinal column Upward rotation: pulls inferior angle of scapula away from spinal column
Radioulnar joint is a
trochoidal joint pronation/supination Bones are also held together by interosseous membrane