HSS 387 Exam 2

Intrinsic hand muscles have origins and insertions

...have origins and insertions on bones of the hand

Additional intrinsic hand muscles

4 lumbricals - Fprox, Emid, dist 3 Palmar interossei- PAd 4 Dorsal interossei - DAb

Deltoid middle fibers

Abduction

Deltoid posterior fibers

Abduction, extension, external rotation, and horizontal abduction

Deltoid anterior fibers

Abduction, flexion, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction

Movement phase

Action part of the skill; characterized by CONCENTRIC contractions → Goal: summation of force is directed onto the ball, opponent, etc

Teres major muscle

Adduction, extension, and internal rotation

Latissimus dorsi muscle

Adduction, extension, internal rotation, and horizontal abduction

Humeral horizontal adduction

Agonist muscle: anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, coracobrachialis

Humeral flexion

Agonist muscle: anterior deltoid, upper pectoralis major

Elbow flexors (anterior mm)

Agonist muscle: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres

Radioulnar supinators

Agonist muscle: biceps brachii, supinator muscle, brachioradialis

Humeral abduction

Agonist muscle: deltoid, supraspinatus, upper pectoralis major

Scapular elevation

Agonist muscle: levator scapulae, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboids Lifting the scapula without rotation in the anatomical position Ex. shoulder shrugs

Scapular depression

Agonist muscle: lower trapezius Returns scapula to a normal position after a shoulder shrug Ex. body dips

Scapular retraction (adduction)

Agonist muscle: middle trapezius, lower trapezius, rhomboids Return from abduction; occurs with retractions Ex. bent over rows, lifting a wheelbarrow

Scapular protraction (abduction)

Agonist muscle: pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior Scapula moves laterally away from spinous processes without rotation Ex. push-up, bench press

Scapular downward rotation

Agonist muscle: pectoralis minor, rhomboids Downward and medial movement; glenoid fossa is rotated downward Ex. lat pulls (pulling weight down)

Humeral horizontal abduction

Agonist muscle: posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, teres minor, infraspinatus

Humeral adduction

Agonist muscle: teres major, latissimus dorsi, lower pectoralis major

Humeral extension

Agonist muscle: teres major, latissimus dorsi, lower pectoralis major

Humeral internal rotation

Agonist muscle: teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, subscapularis

Humeral external rotation

Agonist muscle: teres minor, infraspinatus

Elbow extensors (posterior mm)

Agonist muscle: triceps brachii, anconeus

Scapular upward rotation

Agonist muscle: upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior Lateral and upward movement of the scapula Ex. raising the arms above the head

Shoulder joint muscles versus shoulder girdle muscles

Anterior: pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, subscapularis Posterior: teres minor, teres major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus Muscles insert on the humerus

Shoulder girdle muscles versus shoulder joint muscles

Anterior: pectoralis minor, serratus anterior Posterior: trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae Muscles insert on scapula

Acromioclavicular

Arthroidal joint Protraction/retraction, up/down rotation, elevation/depression, rotary gliding Often injured

Sternoclavicular joint

Arthroidal joint Protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, rotary gliding Movement in relation to the manubrium

Subscapularis (rotator cuff muscle)

Attach to lesser tubercle anteriorly Internal rotation, abduction, extension, and stabilizes the humeral head

Supraspinatus (rotator cuff muscle)

Attach to the greater tubercle from above Abduction, stabilizes the humeral head

Distal insertions for finger motion

Base of 1st metacarpal, proximal and distal phalanxes of thumb, base of proximal, middle, and distal phalanxes

Distal insertions for wrist motion

Base of 2nd, 3rd, and 5th metacarpals, pisiform, hamate

Clinical correlation: winged scapula

Caused by damage to a nerve known as the long thoracic nerve

Shoulder joint is comprised of

Clavicle, scapula, humerus

Pectoralis major muscle upper fibers

Clavicular head Abduction, adduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) of the fingers

Condyloid joint flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Radiocarpal joint is a

Condyloid-type joint

Chin-up (finger) lowering to the DOWN position

DOWN position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors

Lat pull (fingers): lowering to the DOWN position

DOWN position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors

Bench press (wrist): lowering to the DOWN position

DOWN position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors

Push-up (wrist): lowering to the DOWN position

DOWN position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors

Follow-through phase

Deceleration phase; begins immediately after climax of previous phase; ECCENTRIC activity in muscles that are antagonists to muscles utilized in the previous phase → Goal: control the movement of the limb/body part & prevent injury

Extension in the shoulder joint is

Depression and downward rotation of the shoulder girdle

Trapzeius lower fibers

Depression, upward rotation, and retraction of the scapula

Adduction in the shoulder joint is

Downward rotation of the shoulder girdle

Triceps brachii muscle

Elbow extension

Anconeus muscle

Elbow extension to pull elbow joint synovial membrane out of the way of advancing olecrenon process during elbow extension

Brachialis muscle

Elbow flexion

Biceps brachii muscle

Elbow flexion, and forearm supination

Brachioradialis muscle

Elbow flexion, forearm pronation, and forearm supination

Aggregate muscle grouping activity example

Elbow flexors work together as an agonist group to cause flexion in opposition to the triceps brachii & anconeus (extensors) In this example elbow extensor are cooperating in their lengthening to allow the flexors to perform their task →In doing so, the triceps & anconeus may or may not be under active tension →If there is no active tension, then the lengthening is passive & caused totally by the elbow flexors →If there is active tension, then elbow extensors are contracting eccentrically to control the amount & speed of lengthening →Agonist muscle groups can function to control the opposite (antagonist) actions by contracting eccentrically

Bench press (elbow): pushing to the UP position

Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: extensors

Push-up (elbow): pushing to the UP position

Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: extensors

Chin-up (elbow): lowering to the DOWN position

Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: flexors

Lat pull (elbow) lowering to the DOWN position

Elbow movement or position: extension Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: flexors

Chin-up (elbow): pushing to the up position

Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: flexors

Lat pull (elbow): pushing to the UP position

Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: concentric muscles involved: flexors

Bench press (elbow) lowering to the DOWN position

Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: extensors

Push-up (elbow): lowering to the DOWN position

Elbow movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: extensors

Flexion in the should joint is

Elevation and upward rotation of the shoulder girdle

Trapezius muscle middle fibers

Elevation, upward rotation, and retraction of the scapula

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Externsor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi readialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi

Extensor digitorum muscle

Finger extension (MCP of fingers 2-5), wrist extension, and weak elbow flexion

Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

Finger flexion (MCP,PIP), wrist flexion, and weak elbow flexion

Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

Finger flexion (MCP,PIP,DIP), and wrist flexion

Coracobrachialis muscle

Flexion, adduction, and horizontal adduction

Shoulder joint movements versus shoulder girdle movements

Flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, abduction/adduction, horizontal abduction/adduction, diagonal abduction/adduction

Finger flexors

Flexors (anteromedially located) Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus (thumb flexor)

Pronator quadratus muscle

Forearm pronation Works with the triceps

Supinator muscle

Forearm supination Activated when movements of extension and supination are needed

Pronator teres muscle

Forearm supination, and weak elbow flexion

Radial side (intrinsic hand muscles)

Four muscles of thumb Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis (also abducts), adductor pollicis brevis (also flexes)

Recovery phase

Generally, muscles used in previous phase will CONCENTRICALLY act to return the body to its original position → Goal: regain balance and positioning

Elbow joint is a

Ginglymus joint flexion/extension Increased stability when fully extended

Proximal and distal interphalangeal (PIP/DIP)

Ginglymus joint (fingers) flexion/extension

Interphalangeal (IP) of the thumb

Ginglymus joint (thumb/IP) flexion/extension

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) of the thumb

Ginglymus joint (thumb/MCP) flexion/extension

During the UP phase of the bench press, the shoulder joint goes through this movement.

Horizontal adduction

Lat pull (humerus): returning to the UP position

Humeral movement or position: abduction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: adductors

Lat pull (humerus): pulling to the DOWN position

Humeral movement or position: adduction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: adductors

Chin-up (humerus): pulling to the UP position

Humeral movement or position: extension Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: extensors

Push-up (humerus): lowering to the DOWN position

Humeral movement or position: extension Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: flexors

Push-up (humerus): pushing to the UP position

Humeral movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: flexors

Chin-up (humerus): lowering to the DOWN position

Humeral movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: extensors

Bench press (humerus): lowering to the DOWN position

Humeral movement or position: horizontal abduction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: horizontal adductors

Bench press (humerus): pushing to the UP position

Humeral movement or position: horizontal adduction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: horizontal adductors

Extensor indicis muscle

Index finger extension (MCP), weak wrist extension, weak forarm supination

Infraspinatus (rotator cuff muscle)

Infraspinatus Attach to greater tubercle posteriorly External rotation, extension, horizontal abduction, and stabilizes the humeral head

Coracoid process

Insertion: Pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (short head)

Coronoid process

Insertion: brachialis

Styloid process

Insertion: brachioradialis

Deltoid tuberosity

Insertion: deltoid

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: flexor carpi ulnaris, flecor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superificialis

Intertubercular groove

Insertion: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Insertion: subscapularis

Greater tubercle of humerus

Insertion: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

Olecranon process

Insertion: triceps brachii, anconeus

Extensor digiti minimi muscle

Little finger extension (MCP), weak wrist extension, and weak elbow flexion

Origins for many wrist and finger flexors

Medial epicondyle, medial condyloid ridge, coranoid process

Finger and thumb joints are comprised of

Metacarpal bones (5), phalanges/digits (14), and thumb has a sesamoid bone in its flexors tendon

The thumb has 2 joints

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint Interphalangeal (IP) joint

Each finger has 3 joints

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

Prepatory phase

Most critical phase for desired activity; becomes more dynamic as need for explosiveness increases → Goal: to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they can generate force & momentum in the next phase

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Most thumb movement happens here

Rhomboid muscles major and minor

Move scapula towards spinal column (retraction) Downward rotation and elevation of the scapula

Closed kinetic chain

Movement in one joint cannot occur unless movement occurs in another joint Occurs when chain is securely attached at both ends Movement occurs in multiple planes Very functional

Open kinetic chain

Movement in one joint does not significantly affect movement in another joint. Occurs when chain is not securely attached at the distal end Movement occurs in one plane Not very functional

Aggregate muscle grouping

Muscle are usually grouped together according to their concentric function. Muscle work in paired opposition to an antagonistic group

Aggregate muscle action

Muscles are usually grouped together according to their concentric function. Muscles work in paired opposition to an antagonistic group Ex. Triceps relax, biceps contract

Shoulder joint muscle insertion

Muscles insert on the humerus

Shoulder girdle muscle insertion

Muscles insert on the scapula

Specificity

Muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility are not general body characteristics... They are specific to each body area and muscle group.

Scapulothoracic

Not a true synovial joint Protraction/retraction, up/down rotation, elevation/depression No ligamentous support

Intrinsic glenohumeral muscles

Originate on the scapula and clavicle Insert on the humerus Deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major. Rotator cuff muscles: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

Extrinsic glenohumeral muscles

Originate on the trunk Insert on the humerus Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major

Overload principle

Our bodies will adapt to the rigors we place on them → Can be modified by changing various exercise variables (3) → Untrained vs Trained individuals will adapt differently → Periodization is important for optimal gains

SAID principle

Our bodies will adapt very specifically to overload → Specificity: muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility are specific to each body area & muscle group → Exercise must be specifically designed for desired expectations → Adaptation can be positive or negative

The kinetic chain concept

Our extremities consist of several bony segments linked by a series of joints

Horizontal adduction of the shoulder is

Protraction (abduction) of the shoulder girdle

Internal rotation of the shoulder is

Protraction (abduction) of the shoulder girdle

Shoulder girdle movements versus shoulder joint movements

Protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, upward/downward rotation remember scapular tilt

Pectoralis minor muscle

Protraction: pulls scapula forward, tilts lower border away from the ribs Downward rotation and depression of the scapula

Radiocarpal joint does these movements

Radiocarpal flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Radioulnar and elbow joint are comprised of

Radius and ulna

Radiocarpal joint is comprised of

Radius, ulna, and carpal bones

Stance phase

Relatively static, allows athlete to assume a balanced body position → Goal: set joint angles in the correct position

External rotation of the shoulder is

Retraction (adduction) of the shoulder girdle

Horizontal abduction of the shoulder is

Retraction (adduction) of the shoulder girdle

Carpometacarpal (CMC) of the thumb

Saddle joint flexion/extension, abduction

Proximal row from radial to ulnar side

Scaphoid (boat shaped) Lunate (moon shaped) Triquetrum (three cornered) Pisiform (pea-shaped)

Radioulnar and elbow joint functions

Scapula and humerus serve as proximal attachments for muscles that flex and extend the elbow Ulna and radius serve as distal attachments for these same muscles

Trapezius muscle upper fibers

Scapular elevation and upward rotation Extension and rotation of the head

Bench press (scapula): slowly extend the elbows and raise the bar to the UP position

Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: protractors

Push-up (scapula): laying prone on the floor, slowly extend the elbows and move into the UP position

Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: protractors

Bench press (scapula): hold the UP position

Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: protractors

Push-up (scapula): hold the UP position

Scapular movement or position: protraction Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: protractors

Lat pull (scapula): slowly return the bar to the starting position (RETURN or UP phase)

Scapular movement or position: protraction, upward rotatation, and elevation Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors

Chin-up (scapula): slowly begin the DOWN phase by lowering the body back to start

Scapular movement or position: protraction, upward rotation, and elevation Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors

Bench press (scapula): slowly return to the DOWN position

Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: protractors

Push-up (scapula): move into the DOWN position by slowly flexing the elbows (move the floor)

Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: eccentric Muscles involved: protractors

Push-up (scapula): hold the DOWN position

Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: protractors

Bench press (scapula): start in the DOWN position by lying supine on the bench

Scapular movement or position: retraction Type of contraction: relaxed Muscles involved: none

Chin-up (scapula): hanging from the bar, slowly begin by pulling UP to the chinning position

Scapular movement or position: retraction, downward rotation, and depression Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors

Lat pull (scapula): sitting on the bench, slowly begin by pulling the bar towards the chest (DOWN phase)

Scapular movement or position: retraction, downward rotation, and depression Type of contraction: concentric Muscles involved: retractors, downward rotators, and depressors

Shoulder girdle muscle function

Stabilize scapula so the shoulder muscles have a stable base to exert force when moving the humerus... Enhance movement of the upper extremity

Pectoralis major muscle lower fibers

Sternal head Adduction, extension, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation

Rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis are intrinsic glenohumeral muscles

Teres minor (rotator cuff muscle)

Teres minor Attach to greater tubercle from posteriorly External rotation, extension, horizontal abduction, and stabilizes the humeral head

Ulnar side (intrinsic hand muscles)

Three muscles of the little finger Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis

Abductor pollicis longus muscle

Thumb abduction (CMC), thumb extension (CMC), wrist abduction, weak wrist flexion, and weak forearm supination

Extensor pollicis brevis muscle

Thumb extension (CMC,MCP), wrist abduction, and wrist extension

Extensor pollicis longus muscle

Thumb extension (CMC,MCP,IP), wrist extension, wrist abduction, and weak forearm supination

Flexor pollicis longus muscle

Thumb flexion (CMC,IP), wrist flexion, and wrist abduction

Distal row from the radial to ulnar side

Trapezium (greater multangular) Trapezoid (lesser multangular) Capitate (head shaped) Hamate (hooked)

Chin-up (finger) pushing to the UP position

UP position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors

Lat pull (fingers): pushing to the UP position

UP position Finger movement or position: flexion Type of contraction: isometric muscles involved: flexors

Bench press (wrist): Pushing to the UP position

UP position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors

Push-up (wrist): pushing to the UP position

UP position Wrist movement or position: extension Type of contraction: isometric Muscles involved: flexors

Abduction in the shoulder joint is

Upward rotation of the shoulder girdle

Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

Wrist extension, wrist abduction, and weak elbow flexion

Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle

Wrist extension, wrist abduction, weak elbow flexion, and weak pronation

Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle

Wrist extension, wrist adduction, and weak elbow extension

Flexor carpi radialis muscle

Wrist flexion, and wrist abduction Elbow flexion and forearm pronation

Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

Wrist flexion, and wrist abduction, weak elbow flexion

Palmaris longus muscle

Wrist flexion, weak elbow flexion

Abductor of thumb and wrist

abductor pollicis longus

Radioulnar pronators (anterior mm)

agonist muscle: pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis

Shoulder girdle is comprised of

clavicle and scapula

Levator scapulae muscle

elevates medial margin of the scapula

Wrist extensors

extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris

Finger extensors

extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis longus (thumb extensor), extensor pollicis brevis (thumb extensor)

Wrist flexors

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus

Origins for many wrist and finger extensors

lateral epicondyle, lateral supracondylar ridge

Serratus anterior muscle

protraction: pulls medial border of scapula away from spinal column Upward rotation: pulls inferior angle of scapula away from spinal column

Radioulnar joint is a

trochoidal joint pronation/supination Bones are also held together by interosseous membrane