23-32 PATHO
A graduate nurse in the neonatal intensive care unit asks an experienced nurse why the death rates from respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn have declined significantly. Which response by the experienced nurse is most appropriate? •
"It is because of antenatal steroid therapy administration." •
A prenatal ultrasound reveals exstrophy of the bladder. During the immediate counseling regarding the ultrasound results, the parents inquire as to what will happen after the birth. What is the best response by the nurse?
"Surgical repair may occur within 72 hours to one year of birth and may be one or several surgeries."
Parents of a newborn with hypospadias are reviewing their plan of care with a pediatric nurse. What goals may the parents anticipate regarding corrective surgery? Select all that apply.
- create a uniform urethra to prevent spraying in during urination - complete repair of hypospadias in as few surgies as possible - create an as close to normal appearance of the penis as possible
Identify the component of the nephron unit that initially responds to the decreased perfusion of the kidney. •
/ Area 3 •
Which blood pressure reading from an adult client would the nurse report as normal? •
110/70 •
A nurse is assessing an infant for risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Which factors will increase the infant's risk? Select all that apply. •
18 year old mother • Sleeping in a prone position •
A nurse is asked how many chromosomes a female gamete contains. How should the nurse respond?
23
A nurse is using the International Reflux Grading System to explain a child's vesicoureteral reflux of grade IV to the parents. Which picture would be most appropriate to demonstrate reflux into a grossly dilated ureter and calyces?
3
Which client should the nurse monitor for possible upper urinary tract obstruction? •
A client with a kidney stone •
A client's heart valve that is located between the right atrium and right ventricle is stenosed. The nurse will be caring for which client? •
A client with a stenosed tricuspid valve •
Which client is most at risk for developing chronic kidney disease? •
A client with hypertension •
Which client is at highest risk of pyelonephritis and therefore needs close monitoring for signs of its occurrence? •
A woman who has cystitis •
The nurse cares for a 2-year-old child with an upper airway croup illness caused by the parainfluenza virus. Which disorder will the nurse most likely observe written in the chart? •
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis •
A client has deep vein thrombosis. Which action will the nurse take? •
Administer heparin •
A nurse is conducting health screenings at a local clinic. Which risk factors will place the individuals at a higher risk for hypertension? Select all that apply. •
Advanced age • High sodium diet • Cigarette smoking •
Which information indicates the nurse has a correct understanding of a client's neural regulation of renal blood flow (RBF)? Select all that apply. •
Afferent and efferent arterioles are richly innervated. • Nerves have not been observed in the glomerular capillaries. • Decreased RBF promotes increased blood volume and systemic pressure. •
The nurse cares for a child who has cystic fibrosis. The nurse administers an aerosolized DNase and hypertonic saline before chest physical therapy. What is the intended effect of these treatments? •
Aid in mucus clearance by liquefying pulmonary secretions •
A nurse is asked what causes a barrel chest in emphysema. Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse consider before answering this question? •
Air trapping
A nurse is asked by a coworker what the most common cause of hypoxemia is. How should the nurse respond? •
An abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio •
Which term should the nurse use to describe new collateral vessel formation in a client? •
Angiogenesis •
Which condition is associated with a loud, harsh systolic ejection murmur? •
Aortic stenosis •
A client has chronic venous insufficiency. Which intervention will the nurse implement? •
Apply compression stockings •
A nurse is teaching the client about the anatomy of the kidney. Which area (see diagram) should the nurse choose to illustrate the structure that contains all of the glomeruli and most of the proximal tubules? • •
Area 3 •
A nurse is teaching a client about the anatomy of the heart. Which area (see diagram) should the nurse choose to illustrate the cardiac chamber with the thickest wall? • • •
Area 4 •
A nurse is teaching a client about the lymph system. Which area (see diagram) should the nurse choose to illustrate the duct that receives lymph from the entire left side and lower right side of the body? •
Area 4 •
A nurse is teaching a family about tricuspid atresia. Which area (see diagram) will the nurse choose to illustrate this valve? • •
Area 4 •
The nurse teaches a client about arteriosclerosis. Which information from the client indicates teaching was effective? •
Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the vessel wall •
Which information indicates a nurse has a correct understanding of how the majority of a client's carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in the blood? •
As bicarbonate •
A nurse is teaching a group of clients about modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. Which factors should the nurse include? Select all that apply. •
Atherogenic diet • Cigarette smoking • Lack of physical activity •
A child has polycystic kidney disease (PKD). While planning care for this child, the nurse remembers this is which type of inherited disorder?
Autosomal dominant or recessive
The blood chemistries are returned on a recent admission of a male adult. Which values indicate to the nurse that the client has renal dysfunction? •
BUN 80 mg/dl Creatinine 3.0 mg dl
A newborn newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) is being cared for by the nurse. A parent states, "I know this disease kills. Is my child going to die?" Which information would be most appropriate for the nurse to provide? Select all that apply. •
Bacterial Infection in the lungs are serious concerns but are treatable. • Prognosis has improved over the years, and most affected children survive into adulthood. •
A nurse is discussing pressure receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that affect a client's heart rate and blood pressure. Which reflex is the nurse describing? •
Baroreceptor reflex •
A nurse is asked where diffusion of respiratory gases primarily takes place. How should the nurse answer? •
Between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries •
A nurse is teaching a health class about the most common site for cystitis. Which site should the nurse include in the teaching session? •
Bladder •
A male infant is born with exstrophy of the bladder. When the nurse performs an assessment, which finding will the nurse observe?
Bladder mucosa exposed through the abdomen
A client is experiencing severe dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea. Urinary output is 25 ml hr heart rate is 105
Blood pressure is 90/76
A client has a regular heart rate of 54 beats per. min. How should the nurse document this finding?
Bradycardia •
If a client has problems with the exchange of nutrients between the blood and the tissues, which vessels are affected? •
Capillaries •
A nurse is teaching a group of healthy people about reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Which information is most important? •
Cessation of smoking •
The nurse educates the parents of a child who is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF). Which therapy should the nurse discuss with the parents? •
Chest physical therapy •
A nurse finds the condition pictured (see diagram) upon assessment of a client. What mechanism would cause the changes seen in this finger? • •
Chronic hypoxemia •
The nurse assisting with pelvic examinations in a women's health clinic inspects a small, cylindrical structure that lies between the labia minora. Which structure did the nurse inspect?
Clitoris
Which congenital disorder is characterized by local narrowing of the aorta just proximal to the insertion of the ductus arteriosus? •
Coarctation of aorta •
Which defect is characterized by abnormal localized narrowing of the aorta? •
Coarctation of the aorta •
A client is not responding appropriately to the antidiuretic hormone. Which kidney structure does the nurse suspect is affected? •
Collecting duct •
Which information indicates a nurse has a correct understanding of pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation? •
Compared to systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation has lower pressure and resistance. •
Which term should the nurse use to describe acute laryngotracheobronchitis? •
Croup •
The nurse instructs a coworker about acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Which information from the coworker indicates teaching was successful? Select all that apply. •
Croup most commonly occurs in the winter months. • Children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years are at greatest risk •
A pediatric client voids 12 times per day. What type of incontinence will the nurse observe written in the chart?
Daytime voiding frequency, increased
A client has a drop in cardiac output. Which assessment finding does the nurse expect to observe? •
Decreased mean arterial blood pressure
Which condition will cause the client's body to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? •
Decreased perfusion to the kidney •
A nurse is assessing a client with suspected nephrotic syndrome. Which finding is consistent with nephrotic syndrome? •
Decreased serum albumin •
Which interventions will help prevent atelectasis postoperatively? Select all that apply. •
Deep-breathing exercises • Frequent posture changes • Incentive spirometer usage •
A male child diagnosed with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis develops hypertension and decreasing renal function. The primary healthcare provider writes prescriptions for treatment. After reviewing the prescriptions, the nurse should prepare the parents for which treatment options?
Dialysis and transplant
The lymphatic system allows for leakage from the vascular system to be reabsorbed into the body's circulatory system. •
Diastole • •
The nurse plans to teach a client about the exchange of gases in the pulmonary system. Which steps should the nurse include in the teaching plan? Select all that apply. •
Diffusion • Perfusion • Ventilation •
What should the nurse do when a nursing assistive personnel reports the total urinary output of 225 ml for the last four hours? •
Do nothing and continue to monitor output as prescribed •
If a client has problems with the basic automatic rhythm of respiration, which area of the brain stem is damaged? •
Dorsal respiratory group •
A nurse is teaching the client about the respiratory pump. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? •
Downward movement of the diaphram occurs •
Which clinical manifestations would the nurse find in a child with epiglottitis? Select all that apply. •
Drooling • Sore throat • Muffled voice sounds • Assumes tripod position •
Which term should the nurse use to describe the artery connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery during fetal circulation? •
Ductus arteriosus •
A client has obstructive uropathy. Which factors should the nurse consider to help determine the severity of the obstruction? Select all that apply. •
Duration of the blockage • Location of the blockage • Degree of completeness of the blockage •
Which common clinical manifestations will a nurse observe upon assessment of a client with emphysema? Select all that apply. •
Dyspnea • Wheezing • Barrel chest •
A nurse is caring for a client with cystitis and a client with pyelonephritis. Which assessment finding will be typical of both clients? •
Dysuria •
A 4-year-old girl is diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux-grade V. When the parents ask what may be expected, what is the best option of treatment for the child with grade V reflux?
Early surgery to increase the length of the intravesical ureter
What are the possible causes for the development of hypercapnia in a client who has a Paco2 level of 62 mm Hg? Select all that apply. •
Emphysema • Sleep apnea • Myasthenia gravis • Muscular dystrophy •
Which information from the client indicates teaching by the nurse was successful for the layers of the heart, beginning on the inside? •
Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium (serous pericardium) •
A woman has a disorder that affects the duct that carries an ovum to the uterus. Which term should the nurse use to describe the structure that is affected?
Fallopian tube
The nurse is assessing a client who is reporting dyspnea. Which signs of dyspnea should the nurse expect to assess in this client? Select all that apply. •
Flaring of the nostrils • Retraction of intercostal spaces • Use of accessory muscles in respiration •
A client has severe osteoarthritis and is unable to walk without assistance. As a nurse enters the room in response to the call light, the client says, "Oh, how embarrassing! I just wet the bed. I know you are busy, so I held it as long as I could, but then it just came." What is the technical term that the nurse should use with another health professional to describe the client's incontinence? •
Functional incontinence •
A child has minimal change nephropathy. Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse remember when planning care for this child?
Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
A nurse is teaching the staff about blood vessels of the kidney. Which term should the nurse use to describe four to eight vessels arranged in a fistlike structure that arise from the afferent arteriole? •
Glomerular capillaries •
A nurse is teaching a client about glomerular filtration. The nurse should include which products that normally pass through the glomerulus into the proximal tubule? Select all that apply. •
Glucose • Creatine • Potassium •
A nurse is teaching the client about the structures contained in the mediastinum. Which structures should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply. •
Heart • Esophagus • Great vessels •
In a client who has coronary artery disease, which arteries are affected? •
Heart arteries •
A nurse is asked about what is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children. How should the nurse respond?
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
A nurse is teaching the staff about substances secreted in the distal tubules. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply. •
Hydrogen ions • Potassium ions •
Which term should the nurse use to describe the consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in one of a client's ureters? •
Hydronephrosis
A client has a Paco2 of 30 mm Hg. Which term will the nurse use to describe this condition when giving report to the oncoming shift? •
Hypocapnia •
Which situations will cause a client's body to release renin? Select all that apply. •
Hypotension • Hypovolemia • Decreased sodium at macula densa cells •
What conditions activate the tubuloglomerular feedback in the client's renal system? Select all that apply. •
Hypovolemia • Systemic hypotension • Decreased sodium at macula densa cells •
A client has a reduced Pao2. Which term should the nurse use to describe this finding? •
Hypoxemia •
A parent of a child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome asks the nurse what the advantage is for a heart transplant. How should the nurse reply? •
Improved survival rates •
A client has renal colic originating from the proximal ureters. What type of pain will the nurse find upon assessment? •
In the flank and radiates to the groin •
Which pathophysiologic change will the nurse expect in a client with left ventricular failure when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated? •
Increased plasma volume •
A client who is diagnosed with cor pulmonale states, "I thought I just had these bad lungs that can't be fixed. How can that make my heart go bad?" Which information will the nurse use when responding to this client's question? •
Increased resistance to pulmonary arterial blood flow leads to compensatory right ventricular hypertrophy. •
A client has end-stage chronic renal disease. Which laboratory result will the nurse expect to see on the chart? •
Increased serum creatine •
The nurse is caring for a client who recently underwent a release of a unilateral complete ureteral obstruction, resulting in postobstructive diuresis. The nurse anticipates which clinical manifestation? •
Increased urine output •
A student begins preparation for a nursing clinical to care for an adult client with a renal disorder and needs to know the pathophysiology of renal blood flow. What is the order of renal blood flow through the nephron unit starting with the arterial system and ending with the venous system? •
Interlobar artery • Afferent arteriole • Glomerulus • Efferent arteriole • Peritubular capillaries • Venules • Interlobar vein CHAPTER 30 •
A client is having the glomerular filtration rate measured. Which tests can the nurse anticipate might be performed? Select all that apply. •
Inulin clearance test • Cystatin C protein level • Creatinine clearance test • Plasma creatinine concentration •
A nurse is teaching a client about pulmonary defense mechanisms. Which information from the client indicates teaching was successful for the mechanism that causes coughing? •
Irritant receptors in the trachea and large airways •
While teaching about arteries the nurse mentions the endothelium. A staff member asks what this is. What is the nurse's best response? •
It forms the inner lining of the blood vessels •
Which information from the client indicates teaching by the nurse was successful about the hormone responsible for the development of female sex characteristics?
It is estrogen
A nurse is asked which function of the pulmonary system is carried out by the cardiovascular system. How should the nurse reply? •
It is perfusion •
A coworker asks a nurse how cardiac output is determined. How should the nurse respond? •
It is the product of the stroke volume and the heart rate •
The nurse teaches a client about cystic fibrosis. Which information from the client indicates teaching was successful? •
It results from defective chloride ion transport. •
Which defect is more commonly seen in Asian patients than in other populations? •
Kawasaki disease (KD) •
The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic acidosis. During the assessment, the nurse anticipates seeing which finding? •
Kussmaul respirations •
A client's muscular arteries constrict. How should the nurse interpret this finding? •
Less blood will flow through the vessels •
A nurse is teaching at a community clinic about sudden infant death syndrome risk factors. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply. •
Low birthweight • Sleeping on soft bedding • Exposure to tobacco smoke • Overhead sleeping environment •
A client is diagnosed with secondary hypertension. The nurse will focus on which goal? •
Management of an underlying disorder •
A nurse is teaching about the risk factors for congenital heart disease (CHD). Which information should the nurse include? •
Maternal diabetes mellitus •
A client has chronic kidney failure and develops Kussmaul respirations. The nurse suspects the client is experiencing which condition? •
Metabolic acidosis •
What are the three kinds of nephrons in the kidney that are affected when a client experiences nephron damage? Select all that apply. •
Midcortical nephrons • Juxtamedullary nephrons • Superficial cortical nephrons •
A nurse is describing blood flow through the heart and describes the valve that directs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Which term, if used by the client, will indicate to the nurse that the teaching about the valve was successful? •
Mitral •
Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium (serous pericardium) •
Myocardium •
A 5-year-old child presents to the emergency department and is diagnosed with acute epiglottitis, which is rapidly worsening. Which intervention is indicated? •
Nasotracheal intubation
A nurse is caring for a pediatric client with a renal disorder. The child has experienced periorbital edema, frothy urine, irritability, fatigue, and lethargy. The initial urinalysis revealed large amounts of protein. Which disorder will the nurse observe written on the chart?
Nephrotic syndrome
Which clinical finding will allow the nurse to determine that the client is experiencing acute bronchitis rather than pneumonia? •
No infiltrates on the chest radiographs •
A client has atherosclerosis. Which complication does the nurse monitor for in this client? •
Obstruction of the blood vessel lumen •
A nurse assesses a client who has been admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Which characteristics would the nurse expect? Select all that apply. •
Occurs unexpectedly • Symptoms may develop during sleep •
A nurse is teaching about a common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? •
One cause in inadequate cardiac output •
A client experiences severe shock and the urinary, cardiac, and respiratory systems fail. The nurse is caring for which client? •
One with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome •
Which age-related changes to the pulmonary system does the nurse consider when planning care for an older adult? Select all that apply. •
Ossified ribs • Loss of elastic fibers • Decreased respiratory muscle strength •
A client has incontinence manifested by an involuntary loss of urine with overdistention of the bladder. Which type of incontinence will the nurse observe written on the chart? •
Overview incontinence •
In a high school health class, the nurse explains that the female gamete, the _____, is produced by the _______.
Ovum ovaries
Which statement indicates a nurse has a correct understanding of a client's normal pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)? •
PVR is low compared with the systemic vascular resistance. •
Which term should the nurse use to describe the serous membrane lining the client's thoracic cavity? •
Parietal pleura •
Which defect is associated with increased pulmonary blood flow? •
Patent ductus arteriosus
Which fetal condition would cause the artery connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery not to close properly within the first weeks of life? •
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) •
A child has aspirated food and is acutely hypoxic and unable to move air. Which action must the nurse take immediately? •
Perform abdominal thrusts •
A client has acute inflammation of the pericardium. Which term should the nurse use to describe this condition? •
Pericarditis •
A child is admitted for suspected nephrotic syndrome. Which assessment finding would be consistent with this diagnosis?
Periorbital edema
A client has acute rheumatic fever. While taking the history, which prior infection is typical of this disease? •
Pharyngeal group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection •
A man has been a coal miner for 30 years. For the past 3 years, he has had progressively worsening dyspnea and has been diagnosed with a form of pneumoconiosis. Which information applies to his condition and should provide the basis for appropriate client teaching? •
Pneumoconiosis caused chronic inflammation with scarring and progressive pulmonary deterioration that contributed to his altered ventilation. •
Which finding would alert the nurse that a client has a confirmed case of active tuberculosis? •
Positive sputum culture for acid-fast bacillus •
An infant presents with wide-set eyes, "parrot beak" nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation?
Potter syndrome
A child has hypertension with no identified cause. Which type of hypertension should the nurse report that the client has to the oncoming shift? •
Primary •
Which term should the nurse use to describe the onset of "sexual maturation"?
Puberty
Patent ductus arteriosus is a failure of which connections to close during the first few weeks of an infant's life? •
Pulmonary artery and aorta •
A nurse prepares to care for a client who is being admitted with a diagnosis of bronchiectasis. Which is the most appropriate preparation for the room? •
Put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table. •
What term should the nurse use to describe the process of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen exchange during cellular metabolism? •
Respiration •
Which complication does the nurse monitor for in a client with hyperventilation? •
Respiratory alkalosis •
A neonatal nurse is preparing for the imminent delivery of a 28 week gestation neonate. The nurse will monitor the neonate for clinical manifestations of which disorder immediately after birth? •
Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn •
A nurse is taking the history of an 18-year-old. Which finding will alert the nurse to an increased risk for hypertension? •
Smokes •
A nurse is teaching about the structure that separates the client's oropharynx from the nasopharynx. Which structure is the nurse describing? •
Soft palate •
Which activity is most likely to cause orthostatic hypotension in a client? •
Standing up •
A client has urinary incontinence that occurs with coughing, sneezing, or laughing. The client has which type of urinary incontinence? •
Stress •
Which information should the nurse consider to help distinguish between stress incontinence and urge incontinence in clients? •
Stress incontinence is caused by increased abdominal pressure, whereas urge incontinence is caused by a problem with the detrusor muscle. •
A nurse is caring for a child with viral croup. Which is the primary pathophysiologic process in this condition? •
Subglottic inflammation and edema •
A toddler has suspected nephroblastoma. The nurse should prepare the parents for which diagnostics to confirm the diagnosis?
Surigical renal biopsy
A nurse is teaching about the kidney's role for the absorption of calcium and phosphate. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? •
Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from inactive Vitamin D is required for calcium and phosphate absorption. •
A nurse observes on the chart that the pleural space is inflamed. How should the nurse interpret this finding? •
The area between the visceral and parietal pleurae is inflamed. •
A child is admitted with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. When the nurse takes the history, which finding is likely?
The child had a throat infection
A nurse is caring for a newborn with tetralogy of Fallot. What does the nurse keep in mind while conducting an assessment on this patient? •
The child may present with a slightly blue appearance as a normal color •
A client calls the clinic reporting that painful indigestion cannot be alleviated and asks the nurse what to do. Before answering the client, which information should the nurse consider? •
The client may be having a myocardial infarction •
A client's endolarynx was damaged. Which area was injured? •
The false and true vocal cords •
A nurse is caring for a child who is recovering from a near drowning and monitors the child closely for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). What is the rationale for the nurse's action? •
The injury initiates an inflammatory response that causes alveolar capillary injury. •
The nurse teaches a client about the lymphatic system. Which information from the client indicates teaching was successful? •
The lymphatic system allows for leakage from the vascular system to be reabsorbed into the body's circulatory system. •
Which information from the staff indicates teaching by the nurse was successful for childhood pneumonias? •
The most common form of community-acquired pneumonia for school-age children is atypical pneumonia. •
A client had injury to the brain stem and the nurse closely monitored respirations. What is the rationale for the nurse's actions? •
The respiratory center that controls respirations could have been damaged. •
A man reports that he had to have a pacemaker put in because his normal pacemaker would not work. This client asks the nurse what the normal pacemaker is. Which information by the client indicates teaching was successful? •
The sinoatrial node •
An infant has tricuspid atresia. How should the nurse interpret this finding? •
The tricuspid valve did not develop •
An infant has Potter syndrome from oligohydramnios. While planning care, which information should the nurse remember?
These infants rarely live more than 24 hours.
Which information from the client indicates teaching by the nurse was successful for systolic blood pressure? •
This is the blood pressure when the ventricles contract •
A nurse notices that a client's respiratory rate is 16. How should the nurse interpret this finding? •
This is the number of times gas is inspired and expired per minute. •
A client has ventricular fibrillation. Which information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of the pathophysiologic effect of ventricular fibrillation? •
This rhythm results in no cardiac output from the heart •
The nurse cares for a child with obstructive sleep apnea due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Which first-line treatment will the nurse anticipate for this child? •
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy •
A nurse is teaching about the area in a woman's body that is susceptible to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Which area is the nurse describing?
Transformation zone
Which defect is characterized by the pulmonary artery leaving the left ventricle and the aorta exiting the right ventricle? •
Transposition of the great arteries •
A client has watery pleural effusion. The nurse should use which term to describe the effusion? •
Transudative effusion •
Which heart defect is characterized by the failure of the tricuspid valve to develop? •
Tricuspid atresia •
Which defect results in a single vessel exiting the heart? •
Truncus arteriosus • *Truncus arteriosus is failure of normal septation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta, resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart. HLHS is the underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, causing a small left atrium, small or absent mitral valve, small or absent left ventricle, and a small or absent aortic valve. If a patient is suffering from transposition of the great vessels, the patient's pulmonary artery leaves the left ventricle and the aorta exits the right ventricle. Defect in TAPVC is characterized by failure of the pulmonary veins to join the left atrium during cardiac development. CHAPTER 26 •
What term should the nurse use when fluid and solutes move from the client's renal tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma? •
Tubular reabsorption •
A nurse is describing kidney function. Which term should the nurse use to describe the transfer of substances from the plasma of the peritubular capillary to the tubular lumen? •
Tubular secretion •
A nurse is discussing the type of cells that make up the alveoli and are involved in providing structure. Which cell is the nurse describing? •
Type I alveolar cells •
In preparing for a genetics clinic, the nurse reviews human conception and embryologic development. Which information indicates the nurse has a correct understanding about the function of the spermatozoon?
Unites with the ovum to form a zygote
A nurse is teaching a wellness class on the risk factors for childhood asthma. Which factors should the nurse include in the teaching session that increase the risk? Select all that apply. •
Urban home • Black ethnicity • Hispanic ethnicity •
A nurse is asked about what the most common cause of hydronephrosis is in neonates. How should the nurse answer?
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
A child is brought to the clinic for a follow-up appointment regarding incontinence. After review of the voiding diary, the nurse notes five to seven voids per day, sudden, unexpected, immediate need to void resulting in incontinence one to two times per day, and leakage when coughing multiple times per day. What classifications of incontinence are present? Select all that apply. •
Urge incontinence • Stress incontinence
A client has gouty arthritis and develops kidney stones. Which type of kidney stones did this client most likely develop? •
Uric acid •
A client has urinary calculi. While planning care, the nurse considers which most important factor in the formation of renal calculi? •
Urine pH •
Which piece of equipment should the nurse obtain to best monitor a client with complicated hypertension for early signs of impending renal dysfunction? •
Urine test kit •
A client experiences a significant blood loss, which triggers activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Fluids are restored via blood transfusions and intravenous fluids. What physiologic responses will occur to decrease the effects of the RAAS because plasma volume is restored? Select all that apply. •
Urodilatin is secreted by the distal tubule and collecting ducts to inhibit sodium and water resorption. • Atrial natriuretic peptides are secreted from cells in the right atrium to stop the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. •
A client complains of multiple urinary tract Infection. The nurse understands that the Loop of Henle produces _______________ or ________________ that binds to uropathogens to prevent urinary tract Infection. •
Uromodulin / Tamm-Horsfall protein
A preschooler has been having multiple urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux is suspected. The nurse should prepare the parents for which primary diagnostic procedure to diagnose vesicoureteral reflux?
Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG
A client has high blood pressure. The nurse will teach the client which lifestyle modifications? Select all that apply. •
Weight loss • Exercise program • Dietary modifications
Which congenital heart defect is a premature newborn prone to have? •
Which congenital heart defect is a premature newborn prone to have? •
Which information indicates the nurse has an accurate understanding of lung zones? •
Zone 3 is at the base of the lung •
A nurse is teaching a client about the male anatomy. Which area (see diagram) will the nurse choose to illustrate the seminal vesicle?
area 2
A nurse is teaching a male client the basic anatomy of the male external genitalia. Which area (see diagram) should the nurse choose to illustrate the epididymis?
area 2
A client is undergoing thelarche. Which area should the nurse assess?
breast
A male client has gynecomastia. Which area should the nurse assess?
breast
A client is an elderly woman. Which structural change associated with aging should the nurse monitor for in this client?
decrease in bone density
A nurse hears in report that a client has cancer in the inner epithelial lining of the uterus. The nurse uses which term to describe this layer of the client's uterus?
endometrium
Which information from the client indicates teaching by the nurse was successful about the primary function of the female breast?
it nourishes newborns
Which term should the nurse use to describe the disintegration of the endometrium that is discharged through the vagina?
menstruation
A woman is having problems with the organ that produces and releases the ovum. Which term will the nurse use to describe this female organ?
ovary
A client provides a urinalysis for testing. What does the urinalysis help the nurse assess? Select all that apply. •
pH • Protein • Specific gravity • Presence of bacteria •
Which term should the nurse use to describe the gonads?
primary sex organs
Which term should the nurse use to describe the structure that is located just below the urinary bladder in a male client?
prostate gland
When teaching a client which term does the nurse use to describe the primary organs of male reproduction?
testes
Which interventions will help prevent atelectasis postoperatively? Select all that apply. • •
this was a picture
Which term should the nurse use to describe a cystic dilation of the intravesical ureter?
ureterocele
A nurse is describing the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Which term should the nurse use to best describe this process? •
ventilation
