chapter 8 questions

When children interact and play together toward a common goal, they are engaging in ______.

cooperative play

Which of the following is taking place when a child comforts another child because they understand what the other child is experiencing?

empathy

t or f Children create imaginary friends because they are lonely.

false

A female child is given a doll to play with, while a male child is given a lawnmower toy. This is an example of ______.

gender stereotyping

t or f Children can better regulate their emotions as they gain cognitive functioning.

true

A boy and a girl are playing house. The boy tells the girl that she has to make dinner because that's what girls are supposed to do. The male child is exhibiting gender ______.

typing

Which parenting style can be considered a form of child maltreatment at its extreme?

uninvolved

Why is emotional regulation so important for children to develop?

Being able to regulate emotions is a skill associated with social competence and overall adjustment. As children age and have more emotional experiences, they are better able to regulate emotions. Being able to control emotions means that children can better adapt to various environments. Emotional control is central to success in school, where having an even temperament means that children can forge social connections with teachers and peers

How does the theory of mind contribute to prosocial behavior? -It aids children in thinking positively about the motivations for their behaviors. -It contributes to an understanding of social values and empathy for others. -It helps children think about how others are generally correct. -It emphasizes that others' needs are always more important than self needs.

It contributes to an understanding of social values and empathy for others.

How does pretend play influence emotional development? -It squelches negative feelings children might have once directed toward others around them. -It engages children in calm activities that can curb aggressive behaviors. -It develops theory of mind in children who do not yet understand the perspective of others. -It helps children practice expressing emotions and understanding interactions.

It helps children practice expressing emotions and understanding interactions.

Why are child maltreatment statistics unreliable? -Most abuse occurs in a single instance rather than over time. -Most children experience some form of abuse. -The number of abuse cases is erroneously overestimated. -Many child maltreatment cases remain undiscovered and unreported.

Many child maltreatment cases remain undiscovered and unreported.

Which statement is characteristic of sex differences? -Gender differences in inhibitory control do not exist when children are young. -Boys are more relationally aggressive than girls. -Research shows that boys have higher intelligence test scores than girls. -Sex differences within sex are greater than sex differences between sexes.

Sex differences within sex are greater than sex differences between sexes.

A child is in the initiative versus guilt stage of development. According to Erikson, what should a parent expect during this stage? -Their child will show either a positive or an avoidant attachment. -Their child will experience either doubt or autonomy. -Their child will increase interactions and play with other children. -Their child will try to determine his or her identity and role in life.

Their child will increase interactions and play with other children.

Who is most often the perpetrator in cases of child maltreatment?

a parent

An important aspect of sociodramatic play is that it ______

develops social competence skills

Young children usually display high self esteem because they _______.

have yet to engage in social comparison

According to Erikson, what indicates positive navigation of the initiative versus guilt stage?

independence

Which type of play occurs as two children play alongside each other but do not directly interact?

parallel play

When a 4-year-old boy describes himself as a baseball player with brown hair, the child is expressing ______.

self-concept

Which of the following statements involves moral reasoning? -"She is cheating." -"I get ice cream when I clean my room." -"I like bananas." -"He is my best friend."

she is cheating

______ is another term for instrumental assistance.

tangible help

Sybil is a 4-year-old who is in Erikson's initiative versus guilt phase. She loves to play. Sybil's favorite way to play involves getting together with her friends and playing "school." Sybil and her friends line up their stuffed animals and "teach" them, even rebuking some for talking too much. Why is this type of play so important for Sybil's development?

young children who are in the initiative vs guilt phase love to make plans, set goals, and take on new tasks. They enthusiastically take on the roles of adults in pretend play. Pride and enthusiasm fuel their curiosity. This sort of play can also help young children manage their emotions and come to identify with parents, caregivers, and other adults they admire. Thus, play in this phase ultimately leads to independence and empathy as children age.