237 final

The primary ways to create reinforcement contingencies in organizations are ____.

. c.reinforcement contingencies and the schedules of reinforcement

Which of the following statements about total quality management (TQM) is true?

a. TQM is an integrated organization-wide strategy for improving product and service quality.

Malcolm Thompson was brought in as the CEO of Novalux, a company involved in laser research, to save the company's promise of innovation. It's what he loves: turning ideas into companies, then shaping those businesses to meet evolving challenges. "You're never done," he says. "It always looks like you're near the finish line, but there are always new opportunities along the road—and new obstacles you'd never thought of. That's part of the exploration—constantly looking at the next problem and the next solution." Apparently, Thompson is an example of a(n) ____.

a. visionary leader

____ do NOT have the authority to make decisions.

b. Employee involvement teams

Instead of individual sales people calling on its business customers, Cedartree Tech uses sales teams. The sales team is given complete responsibility for developing long-term partnering relationships with each customer. What kind of control would the company's sales managers most likely approve?

b. concertive control

By examining checkout data, supermarkets have learned that people who are buying beer typically also buy a bag of salty snacks. As a result of this finding from ____, supermarkets often place displays of beer near the chips and pretzel aisle.

b. data mining

A company that embroiders t-shirts, uses 15,000 plain t-shirts annually. The optimal order quantity is 500 shirts. The company embroiders approximately 150 shirts daily. Using the ____ calculations, the company knows it should place an order approximately every 3 days.

b. economic order quantity

Because they are inexpensive and easy to use, ____, which convert printed text and pictures into digital images, have become an increasingly popular method for capturing data electronically.

b. electronic scanners

According to ____, people will be motivated when they perceive they are being treated fairly.

b. equity theory

Goal acceptance is most similar to the idea of ____.

b. goal commitment

In the perceptual process, ____ is the process of incorporating new information into your existing knowledge.

b. organization

A local hospital ran into a funding problem when it tried to build a new state-of-the-art pediatric unit. The hospital management asked a group of physicians, hospital volunteers, and administrative staff to develop and implement a plan to raise the necessary money. This group of people with complementary skills formed a(n) ____.

b. work team

____ is feedback that is intended to be helpful, corrective, and/or encouraging and is aimed at correcting performance deficiencies and motivating employees.

c. Constructive feedback

Which of the following statements about normative control is true?

c. Normative control leads to an emphasis on very selective hiring.

To improve traditional performance appraisal feedback sessions, it is recommended that managers ____.

c. base performance appraisal feedback sessions on self-appraisals

In terms of leadership behavior, the term ____ refers to the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees.

c. consideration

Lopez was injured at work when a warehouse shelving unit fell on him. According to attribution theory, his co-workers assumed the accident was due to the shelves being improperly anchored to the wall. His coworkers are guilty of _______ .

c. defensive bias

The easier it is to maintain a working product or fix a broken product, the more ____ that product appears.

c. serviceable

One of the criticisms of the television industry is the networks' desire to maintain ratings by thinking in terms of next week's programming. The networks are also more concerned with how to get high program ratings quickly. This criticism assumes ____.

c. the television industry has a shortage of effective leadership

A study in the construction industry found that when equipment is stolen from building sites, workers are the culprits 82 percent of the time. If background checks reduced employee thievery over a period of time and throughout the industry, then this selection process would be ____.

c. validation

Which of the following is the only type of responsibility given to traditional work groups?

c.execute the task

____ is a compensation system in which companies share the financial value of performance gains such as productivity, cost savings, or quality with their workers.

d. Gainsharing

Which of the following is an example of an objective performance measure?

d. input/output measures

This is a description of what happened to a patron at Royal Mail (the United Kingdom's equivalent of the USPS). "In the 15 minutes I waited in line, during which I shuffled forward one yard and two places, I had ample opportunity to watch what the other three staff were doing. They were busy all right, but the main task was counting each stamp in their folders. In this vital work, two of the three were overseen by another member of staff. There was no eye contact with the waiting customers." Assuming this experience is typical, the Royal Mail needs to engage in ____.

d. service recovery

A report calling for a company to set clear targets to improve fuel economy and to cut factory emissions would want the company to establish emission control ____.

d. standards

According to the model of need satisfaction, an unsatisfied need produces ____.

d. tension

The basic control process of business begins with ____.

d. the establishment of clear standards of performance

A(n) ____ is defined as a team composed of geographically and/or organizationally dispersed coworkers who use telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish an organizational task.

d. virtual team

Which of the following statements about employee separation is true?

e. All of these statements about employee separation are true.

Which of the following statements describe an advantage teams have over individuals in the decision-making process?

e. All of these describe advantages teams have over individuals in the decision-making process.

____ controls should be used when it is necessary to standardize operating procedures and establish limits.

e. Bureaucratic

____ control is a method of gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur.

e. Feedforward

____ productivity shows how much labor, capital, materials, and energy it takes to create an output.

e. Multifactor

____ is the ability to change organizational structures, policies, and practices if it helps teams meet their stretch goals.

e. Structural accommodation

____ means providing opportunities for employees to develop the job-specific skills, experience, and knowledge they need to do their jobs or improve their performance.

e. Training

Before beginning to recruit, organizations must ____.

e. conduct a job analysis

In __________ cultures, people exhibit little or no emotion during communications.

e. neutral

The manager wants to encourage cognitive conflict. According to the text, should she also push for a team consensus?

e. no, because requiring team consensus gives everyone on the team veto power

Managers generally like and use____ but are less receptive to using ____.

e. oral communication; written communication

In nonverbal communication, ____ is the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (i.e., use of silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one's voice.

e. paralanguage

Which of the following shows the correct relationship for productivity, outputs, and inputs?

e. productivity = (outputs/inputs)

The term ____ refers to facts and figures that are in an unusable form.

e. raw data

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

e. situational favorableness

Aptitude tests are also called ____.

e. specific ability tests

Using ____ data mining, the user usually begins by telling the data mining software to look and test for specific patterns and relationships in a data set.

e. supervised

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

e. the formal authority system

Which of the following is a useful guideline for successful management of virtual teams?

Keep team interaction upbeat and action-oriented.

France has 14 million smokers. More importantly, smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture. To reduce the number of smokers in the nation, the French government has increased the costs of cigarettes to a price twenty times greater than that charged in any other nation in the European Union. In terms of reinforcement theory, what kind of a reinforcement schedule is being used?

a. continuous

A company has built a(n) ____ that will automate its purchasing transactions and other e-commerce activities with its small- to mid-size suppliers. It will provide thousands of the company's suppliers with secure access to critical trading partner information and will facilitate trading partner automation

a. extranet

The first company to use new information technology to substantially lower costs or differentiate products or services often gains ____.

a. first-mover advantage

Which of the following is NOT an example of a pay-variability decision used to motivate employee performance?

a. hierarchical pay

Oftentimes when an individual is running for a local political office, he or she makes lots of promises. When the individual wins the election and assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry through on political promises, an inability which leads to a perceived problem with ____.

a. integrity

The lowest degree of processing occurs in ____ operations, where a company orders parts and assembles standardized products before receiving customer orders.

a. make-to-stock

According to some industrial psychologists, job performance is a(n) ____ function of motivation, ability, and situational constraints.

a. multiplicative

Which of the following statements about economic value added (EVA) is true?

b. EVA is the amount by which profits (after expenses) exceed the cost of capital in a given year.

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, students' motivation to participate in teaching evaluations is impacted significantly by their expectation that they will be able to provide meaningful feedback. In other words, if they are going to expend the thought and effort to fill out evaluation forms, (1) Is the form designed to gather meaningful information? and (2) Do the students have enough information to form a meaningful opinion about the instruction? In terms of expectancy theory, students are concerned with ____, or whether it is worth their efforts.

b. expectancy

In the model of the communication process presented in the text, ____ makes senders aware of possible miscommunications and enables them to continue communicating until the receiver understands the intended message.

b. feedback

Transformational leaders that pay special attention to followers' individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two-way communication, and practice being a good listener describes the component of transformational leadership known as ____?

b. individualized consideration

Which of the following is one of the critical issues companies need to address in order to sustain a competitive advantage through information technology?

c. Is the firm's use of information technology difficult for another company to create or buy?

____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.

c. Organizational silence

____ costs are the costs associated with implementing or monitoring control.

c. Regulation

Just a teaspoon too much or too little of a single ingredient can turn a great cake into a mediocre cake. The ability to know just how much to add, how long to stir, and how the cake should smell when it is cooked is a skill that a long-time baker would have. Through the use of ____, others can capture this specialized knowledge.

c. expert systems

The ____ is the system of official channels that carry organizationally approved messages and information.

c. formal communication channel

The city of Cairo has the world's greatest collection of Islamic buildings and statues. It would seem an ideal location for Muslim tourists, but unfortunately preservation activities have been inadequate and often more destructive than constructive. Imagine the Egyptian government is instituting a marketing campaign to motivate tourists to spend their vacation dollars in Cairo. The buildings and statues in the city would have a(n) ____ to Muslim tourists who wanted to learn more about their heritage.

c. high valence

An article on public libraries contained the following statement: "The balanced scorecard helps organize and run the library according to a specific strategic plan, while demonstrating the library's value to the community as a whole." Standards suggested to use with the ____ area of the balanced scorecard include how quickly and effectively a new service can be offered and how the training staff responds to its introduction.

c. innovation and learning perspective

The first step in the service-profit chain is the establishment of ____.

c. internal service quality

Managers who use goal-setting theory to motivate employees should ____.

c. make sure workers truly accept organizational goals

W. L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among many other innovative products. Gore employees (known as associates) don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. At Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed by the other employees or the project itself. According to Hersey and Blanchard's situational theory, what type of leadership style is used by Gore's top management?

d. delegating

ISO 14000 __

d. is a series of international standards for managing, monitoring, and minimizing an organization's harmful effect on the environment

Which of the following is an internal recruiting method?

d. job posting

To save a company from bankruptcy, its CEO told its employees that he would eliminate 53 percent of the company's mechanics and reduce the compensation of the remaining mechanics by 26 percent. In terms of the normative decision theory, Steenland ____.

d. made autocratic decisions

Although both Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments and the advent of professional women's sporting leagues have led to dramatic increases in opportunities for women in sports at high school, collegiate, and professional levels, significant discrepancies still exist between men's and women's sports. According to equity theory, female athletes should feel that male athletes are being ____.

d. overrewarded

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions.

d. participative leadership

A team has finally matured into a fully-functioning team at the ____ stage of development.

d. performing

The goal of an executive information system (EIS) is to ____.

d. provide accurate, complete, relevant, and timely information to managers

Pamela makes cloth dolls, which she sells to friends and relatives. Her total inventory includes over 200 yards of fabric, 100 yards of ribbon, a box of 500 eyes, stuffing, 20 dolls in various stages of completion, and 15 completed dolls. How many items are in Katian's finished goods inventory?

e. 15

To which of the following aspects of the human resource management process does U.S. Federal employment law apply?

e. all of these

A provider of computer technical support that is using the balanced scorecard approach to control would look at ____.

e. all of these and more

Two critical steps are required to make sure that data can be accessed by authorized users and no one else. They are ____.

e. authentication and authorization

Which of the following is one of the primary tasks faced by managers who want to improve organizational communication?

e. managing organization-wide communication