24test
c
At the end of the nineteenth century, white-collar employees were identified with what group? A) The working class B) Labor aristocracy C) The middle class D) The propertied class
c
Cavour sought to unite Italy under the authority of what state(s)? A) The Papal States B) Naples C) Sardinia D) Sicily
a
Charles Fourier called for the abolition of what? A)-Marriage B)-Monarchies C)-Feudalism D)-Democracies
b
Across Europe, what was the favorite leisure time activity of working people? A) Participating in sporting events B) Drinking alcohol C) Attending operas and classical theater D) Watching "cruel sports" such as cockfighting
c
An English law passed in 1882 granted which of the following to married women? A) Voting rights B) Equal wages C) Full property rights D) The right to attend universities
d
Where did the doctrine of socialism begin? A)-Russia B)-Great Britain C)-Germany D)-France
c
What was one important German response to the Austro-Prussian War of 1866? A)-Industrial workers rebelled and captured William I. B)-Critics of the government were imprisoned and/or deported by Bismarck. C)-Middle-class liberals adopted Bismarck's brand of nationalism. D)-Catholics formed a political party to protect their interests.
b
What was the "labor aristocracy" of the nineteenth century? A) Traditional farm workers B) Highly skilled workers C) Factory owners D) Literate workers
b
Between 1815 and 1850, most people who believed in nationalism A)-opposed liberalism. B)-also favored democratic republicanism. C)-were concerned about growing industrialization. D)-distrusted the common masses.
d
By 1913-1914, where had women gained the right to vote? A) Great Britain and Sweden B) France and the Netherlands C) Germany D) Norway and parts of the western United States
a
What was the most significant difference between Austria and the rest of the German states in 1853? A) Language B) Economic interests C) Political systems D) Ethnic makeups
d
Early French socialists focused on which of the following? A)-Workers' revolutions B)-Land use reform C)-Overthrowing monarchies D)-Economic planning
a
For what is Georges Haussmann best remembered? A) Leading massive rebuilding projects in Paris B) Developing the antiseptic method C) Writing realistic novels of lower-class life D) Promoting positivist philosophy
a
From Bismarck's point of view, the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 was aimed at accomplishing what? A)-Getting southern German states to accept German unification B)-Placing a relative of the Prussian king William I on the Spanish throne C)-Overthrowing French democracy and conquering France D)-Getting revenge for the defeats of the Napoleonic Wars
c
In central and eastern Europe, what did romantic writers focus on? A)-Subjects from the ancient world B)-Emulating French culture C)-Local languages and peasant folktales, songs, and proverbs D)-The glorification of their national heroes
b
How did the invention of the steam engine affect urbanization? A)-It mechanized agriculture and drew people away from urban areas. B)-It allowed for the building of factories away from water, thus contributing to urbanization. C)-It encouraged the development of commuter rail systems based on the steam locomotive. D)-It generated so much pollution that factories were moved to the outskirts of towns.
a
How did the upper middle class change as the nineteenth century progressed? A)-It tended to merge with the old aristocracy. B)-It began to form tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. C)-It expressed a high degree of social conscience. D)-It retained a frugal attitude and modest display of wealth.
d
In a plan to force Austria to give up its territory in Italy, Cavour secured a secret alliance with what country? A) Great Britain B) Prussia C) Russia D) France
b
In the dual monarchy, what group gained independence in Hungary? A) Serbs B) Magyars C) Czechs D) Lutherans
a
In the nineteenth century, same-sex attraction was identified as which of the following? A) A perversion B) Acceptable only among the upper classes C) A generally accepted sexual practice D) Legally protected for single men only
b
The Great Famine of 1845-1851 devastated the population of what country? A)-England B)-Ireland C)-France D)-Russia
d
The October Manifesto of Nicholas II created the Duma, which was what? A) A reform movement with the army B) The new liberal constitution of Russia C) A modern railroad to Siberia D) Russia's popularly elected parliament
a
The Ten Hours Act limited the factory workday for which of the following groups? A)-Women and children B)-Young men C)-All workers D)-Weavers
b
The fatal obstacle to German unification under Prussian leadership in 1850 was the A) middle class's lack of enthusiasm. B) opposition of Austria and Russia. C) war with Hungary. D) opposition of Britain and France.
b
The long-established customs union among the German states was known as the A) Red Shirts. B) Zollverein. C) Werke. D) North German Confederation.
c
To help Austria subdue Hungary, what country's leader sent troops to occupy the territory in 1849? A) Bohemia B) France C) Russia D) Prussia
d
What was the most troublesome political problem for Great Britain immediately prior to World War I? A) Suffrage for women B) National health insurance C) Independence for India D) Irish home rule
d
What changed politically in France as a result of the brutal destruction of the Paris Commune? A)-Radicals made strong gains in the 1871 national elections. B)-The National Assembly was closed. C)-The 1871 national elections were called off. D)-France formed a new national unity.
d
What class did Marx believe would rise up in revolution? A)-The landed aristocracy B)-Intellectuals C)-The middle class D)-Industrial factory workers
a
What did Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection tend to reinforce? A)-Views of secularists such as Spencer and Marx B)-The bacterial theory of disease tested by Pasteur C)-The Catholic Church's opposition to expansion of political participation D)-The drive for universal public education in Europe
a
What did Edwin Chadwick believe about poverty? A)-That cleaning up the urban environment would reduce poverty B)-That individual character was the key to economic success C)-That alcohol consumption was the root cause of poverty D)-That poverty was the "breeding grounds for success"
c
What did liberals and democrats see as the ultimate source for good government? A)-The monarchy B)-God C)-The people D)-Scientific rationalism
c
What did the journalist Theodor Herzl advocate? A) The full emancipation of Jews in Prussia B) Economic equality for German women C) The creation of a Jewish state D) The unification of Austria and Prussia
b
What ended the era of Alexander II's reforms? A) A massive peasant revolt B) His assassination C) His army's failed invasion of Manchuria D) An outbreak of cholera
b
What kind of government emerged in France in the aftermath of the revolution of 1848? A)-An enduring socialist government B)-A conservative government led by an emperor C)-A moderate democratic republic with universal manhood suffrage D)-A military dictatorship led by the army's top general
d
What transportation innovation was introduced to European cities in the 1890s? A) Trains B) Steam cars C) Bicycles D) Electric streetcars
d
What was an important argument of the philosopher Herbert Spencer? A)-That the new science of sociology could uncover the basic laws of human society B)-That there was a divine creation for each species of animal C)-That the concept of "race" had no scientific basis D)-That the human race was driven by "the survival of the fittest"
a
Which of the following is a doctrine of economic liberalism that emphasizes unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference? A)-Laissez faire B)-Mercantilism C)-Trickle-down economics D)-Value theory
d
Which of the following pushed Russia toward modernization? A) The loss of Silesia to Austria B) An unsuccessful war with Poland C) A rebellion of serfs D) The Crimean War
c
Which of the following was a consequence of the Dreyfus Affair? A) It revived the prestige of the French army. B) It drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites. C) It revived republican distrust of Catholicism. D) It fanned the flames of French imperialism.
d
Which of the following was a primary cause of the French Revolution of 1848? A)-The landed aristocracy was dissatisfied over questions of property ownership. B)-Workers in France's silk factories were upset over factory wages. C)-Women in the major cities were angry over high bread prices. D)-The French government refused to consider electoral reforms.
b
Which of the following was a primary motivation for Bismarck's social reforms? A)-The economic depression of the 1870s B)-His fear and distrust of socialism C)-His humanitarian concern for the suffering of the urban poor D)-His gradual shift toward liberalism
c
Who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx? A)-Henri de Saint-Simon B)-Charles Fourier C)-Friedrich Engels D)-Robert Owen
b
Why did Prussia's King William I try to raise taxes in 1862? A) He wanted to double the size of the army. B) He planned to invade Austria. C) He wanted to build new industries. D) He was hoping to acquire more colonies.
