476 Chapter 3

to record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use an

EEG

the ___ of research findings are what advance the field of psychology

accumulation

___ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes generalize

analogue

one of the major limitations of observational research method is

behavior may be altered as a function of participant's awareness of being observed

children who receive treatment are

better off than children who do not receive treatment

participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when they are

children

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ___.

comorbidity

___ validity refers to whether scores measure something as predicted by theory or past research

construct

___ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are expected to be related to one another

convergent

variable that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be ___.

correlated

in ___ research, different individuals at diffeent ages are studied at the same point in time

cross-sectional

Evaluating the mental health of children can be difficult due to

cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior

___ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another

discriminant

to know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment

effectiveness

Treatment ___ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.

efficacy

questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ___.

epidemiological research

Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because

experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree

degree of generalization

external validity

a limitation of psychophysiological measures is ___

high level of inference for interpretation

in research terms, research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called

hypotheses

qualitative research is characterized by

in-depth narrative and observations and data is collected by open-ended interviews and observations

___ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period

incidence

the greater the degree of control that researcher has over the ___, the more a study approximates a true experiment

independent variable

Maturation is a threat to _____ validity

internal

in A-B-A-B design, the "B" stands for

intervention

the final responsibility for the ethical integrity of a research project lies with the

investigator

the use of randomly selected samples

is rare in studies of child psychopathology

aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of ___ research designs

longitudinal

in ___ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development

longitudinal

the process through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as

mediating

if the study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than boys, sex will be a

moderating variable

factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship or variables of interest are called

moderating variables

because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by using

multiple methods and strategies

Amy was observed by a researcher both at home and at school. what kind of research is this?

naturalistic observation

research procedures that may harm a child shouls

never be used

a correlation of 75 between the age and the amount of time spent in REM sleep means that

older people spend more time in REM sleep

research presented in the media is typically ___.

oversimplified

___ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period

prevalence

having a close relationship with a parent is considered a

protective factor

opposite of a risk factor

protective factor

qualitative research

provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation

___ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups

random assignment

ideally, a measure of psychopathlogy should be

randomized

factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the ___ of symptoms and disorders

rate and expression

Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ____ design.

retrosepctive

Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ___ studies

retrospective

variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a

risk factor

a ___ assessment measure allows foe the scores of one child to be compared to the score of similar children

standardized

analogue studies raise questions about

the external validity of the study

neuro-imaging techniques are least useful in determining

the reason for abnormal brain activity

research into risk and protective factors requires large longitudinal studies becasue

the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop

which statement about case studies is false

they use controlled methods without biases

MRIs

use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field

PET Scans

used to study cerebral glucose metabolism

Assent

when a child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research

randomized controlled trials

when subjects are unsystematically assigned to treatment and control conditions