:) 6,16

..Introduction

..Beginning section of a research report that guides the reader toward your research hypothesis; includes a selective review of relevant, recent research

what is the hypothesis?

=> Synthetic because it is testable in the "if ..., then..." form (but is is not a very good hypothesis, is it?). -Synthetic because it can be translated into a testable hypothesis: "if individuals are out of sight, then they are out of mind (i.e., not thought about)." -Analytic because it is always true -Contradictory because it is always false

Abstract

A brief summary of the report (approximately 150-250 words), which precedes the four major sections.

Scientific Writing Style

A concise, impersonal, and unbioased form of writing used in research reports

References

A list of books and articles cited in the research report; placed at the end of the report

Psychological Journal

A periodical that publishes individual research reports and integrative research review, which are up-to-date summaries of what is known about a specific topic

Running Head

A short version of the title, which will appear as a header at the top of pages of the published report

Jack is not pleased with this chapter. He says, "If I have to follow all these silly rules for writing a report, I won't have any chance to be creative" Tell him why a format for writing reports is important

A standard format makes it much easier to organize the paper when you are writing a research report. You don't have to think about how to organize it; the structure is already provided. It also makes it easier for journal editors and reviewers to read and evaluate manuscripts submitted for publication.

Non-experimental Hypothesis

A statement of predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related, but not a statement about cause and effect

Synthetic Statement

A statement that can be either true or false, a condition necessary to form an experimental hypothesis

Testable Statement

A statement that can be tested because the means exist for manipulating antecedent conditions and for measuring the resulting behavior

Contradictory Statement

A statement that is always false.

Analytic Statement

A statement that is always true.

Parsimonious Statement

A statement that is simple and does not required many supporting assumptions

Experimental Hypothesis

A statement that is tentative explanation of an event or behavior; it predicts the effects of specified antecedent conditions on a measured behavior

Falsifiable statement

A statement that is worded so that it is falsifiable, or disproved, by experimental results

Fruitful Statement

A statement that leads to new studies

Meta-Analysis

A statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many similar studies to summarize and quantify research findings about individual topics

Introduction

Beginning section of a research report that guides the reader toward your research hypothesis; includes a selective review of relevant, recent research.

Discussion

Concluding section of the research report, used to integrate the experimental findings into the existing body of knowledge, showing how the current research advances knowledge, increases generalization of known effects, or contradicts past findings.

Dr. G has just completed a study that shows a correlation between the amount of times children watch tv and their attention spans. Assume the correlation was r= -.34 State an experimental hypothesis based on this finding and devise a a simple procedure for testing it

Hypothesis: Children who watch a lot of tv will have shorter attention spans than children who watch a less television. Randomly assign children from volunteering families into one of two groups: more TV or less TV. Arrange a month-long experiment so that children in the "more" group watch 10 hours of TV a week and children in the "less" group watch only 2 hours a week. At the end of the month, give all of the children a task that requires attention, such as finding missing parts of objects in a drawing . Compare the average performance of the two groups to see if the "more" group finds fewer missing parts than the "less" group.

What is the roles of Intuitions in research? Is intuition scientific? Why are our hunches often correct?

Sometimes we have a hunch about the cause of behavior that seems to come from intuition. Intuition is not scientific in itself, but our hunch can become scientific if it results in a testable hypothesis. --Herb Simon has argued that intuitions (hunches) are better if we are very familiar or expert in an area (and someone who knows a lot about a topic would be expected to have "better" hunches).

Intuition

The development of ideas from hunches; knowing directly without reasoning from objective data.

Practice writing report titles by suggesting a good title for reports on each of the following sets of independent and dependent variables: a. Food deprivation; the speed of maze running b. Practice; time required to solve a word problem c. Maturation; fear of strangers d. Font style and size; reading rate

The effect of Food Deprivation on Maze Running Speed in Canus Familiaris -The Influence of Infants' Maturation Levels on Fear of Strangers

What are the four major sections that should be included in each report?

The four major sections are the introduction, method, results, and discussion

Discussion

The fourth major sections of the research report, used to draw conclusions and to integrate the experimental findings into the existing bodyof knowledge.

Serendipity

The knack of finding things that are not being sought.

Title

The name of the report, which describes what the report about; typically includes the variables tested and the relationship between them

Deductive Model

The process of reasoning from general principles to specific instances; most useful for testing the principles of a theory.

Inductive Model

The process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles to form a hypothesis

Results

The section of a research paper in which the findings are described and the results of statistical tests and summary data are presented

Method

The section of a research report in which the subjects and experiment are described in enough detail that the experiment may be replicated by others; it is typically divided into subsections, such as Participants, Stimuli or Materials, and Procedure.

Hypothesis

The thesis, or main idea, of an experiment or study consisting of a statement that predicts the relationship between at least two variables.

Research Report

Written report of psychological research, which contains four major sections: Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion.

Explain how you would explain the following in a report: a. The results of a t test with 38 degrees of freedom, where the obtained value of t was 1.38 and the significance level was .20 b. the results of an ANOVA with 1 and 12 degrees of freedom, where the computed value of F was 6.26, the significance level was .0001, and the n^2 equaled .18 c. Means for the two conditions of the previous ANOVA were 7.32 (for women) and 8.44 (for men). When confidence intervals were computed, for women the LL was 5.99 and the UL was 9.76; for men the LL was 6.83 and UL was 10.28

a. No significant difference between X and Y, t(38) = 1.38, p = .20 b. There was a significant difference between X and Y, F(1, 12) = 6.26, p = .001, n^2 = .18 c. Female subjects who viewed a violent music video were less accepting of violence (M = 7.32, SD = 2.10, 95% CI [6.83, 10.28]).