Chapter 11 microbiology study set

The motile cells found in sheathed bacteria are called ______ cells, and these exit through the end of the sheath.

swarmer

Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2.

water

Of the various types of dormant cells, the ______ is the most resistant to environmental extremes.

endospore

Gram-negative bacteria, that are typically kidney-bean-shaped cocci in pair

"Neisseria"

A group of bacteria called green bacteria are ______.

Gram-negative

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are _______.

Gram-negative rods

The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______.

genital tract intestines mouth

Extreme thermophiles are found near ______.

hot springs volcanic vents hydrothermal vents

The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______.

mouth genital tract intestines

How do obligate aerobes obtain energy?

using respiration only

Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _______compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.

organic

Organisms that form storage granules include ______.

Thioploca Spirillum Thiomargarita

True or false: Scientists now understand the true diversity of microbial life and have determined the relationships between the millions of prokaryotes that exist.

false

As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy.

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

A group of Gram-negative bacteria has a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanism that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances. This group is called the _______

spirochetes

Scientists are interested in studying the growth of extreme , ______. archaea that grow near volcanic vents and fissures because these conditions are thought to mimic early earth's environment.

Thermophiles

Nitrifiers can be described as bacteria that ______.

obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite are Gram-negative

______ species are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, make up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans, and are associated with abscesses and bloodstream infections.

Bacteroides

Unlike in other anoxygenic phototrophs, in purple bacteria, the components of the photosynthetic apparatus are all located in the cell's ________ membrane.

Cytoplasmic or plasm

During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power.

H2S

The purpose of the sheath in sheathed bacteria is for ______.

protection

The purple bacteria are Gram-negative organisms that can appear ______ due to their light-harvesting pigments.

purple red orange

By definition, obligate intracellular parasites cannot ______.

replicate outside of a host cell

Obligate aerobes obtain energy using __________-exclusively; none of them can ferment.

respiration

Bdellovibrio species ______.

bore a hole in the cell wall of their prey prey on Gram negative bacteria like E. coli are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods

Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain?

archaea

Characterized members of the domain ______ typically thrive in extreme environments, such as high heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity.

Archaea

In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the ______.

oral cavity skin intestinal tract

Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

oxidation of organic compounds

Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using _______ as a terminal electron acceptor.

oxygen, oxygen gas, or O2

Ecophysiology is the study of the ______.

physiological mechanisms bacteria and archaea use to live in terrestrial and aquatic environments

As a group, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs ______.

produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation can obtain energy via fermentation

An organism found in an environment that is very hot and acidic is most likely a member of the domain

Archaea

An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing ______.

Fermintation

A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______.

O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels

How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy?

by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor by oxidizing organic compounds

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria ______.

can sometimes grow in filaments can use hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate as an energy source

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the

cyanobacteria

The study of the various adaptations prokaryotes use to survive terrestrial and aquatic environments is called

ecophysiology

Prosthecate bacteria form projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall. These prosthecae ______.

facilitate absorption of nutrients

Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor.

anaerobic respiration

Like the green and purple bacteria, members of the genus Heliobacterium are also examples of anoxygenic phototrophs. They are ______ bacteria related to members of the genus Clostridium.

rod-shaped endospore-forming Gram-positive

Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using________ as a terminal electron acceptor.

Blank 1: oxygen, oxygen gas, or O2

Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms?

anoxygenic phototrophs

The purpose of storage granules produced by some bacteria is to store ______.

nutrients

Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal microbiota of the

skin

Spirochetes are bacteria that are ______ and possess a unique mechanism of _______.

Gram-negative; motility

An organism that requires a minimum of 9% NaCl would be called an extreme ______.

halophile

Prokaryotes that grow well in an environment that contains 32% NaCl would be called extreme

halophiles

Members of the Gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism involves using ______.

hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as

nitrifiers

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as___________

nitrifiers

Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______.

nitrogen fixation

Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are ____

obligate chemolithotrophs Gram-negative thermophilic

The ____________ bacteria have projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall that increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of nutrients.

prosthecate

________species are Gram-negative curved rods that are highly motile and prey on other Gram-negative rods by boring a hole in their cell wall.

Bdellovibrio

An organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed an __________ _______ parasite.

Blank 1: obligate Blank 2: intracellular

The cells of species in the genus Neisseria are ______.

Gram-negative typically found in pairs cocci

Aside from green and purple bacteria, Gram-positive endospore forming rods of the genus ______ are also anoxygenic phototrophs.

Heliobacterium