9th Grade Biology Final: Chapter 18 (questions)

Describe the kingdom Plantae

1. autotrophs 2. cell walls have cellulose cannot move (nonmotile) 3. includes green algae, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants, flowering plants

Describe the organisms in domain Archaea

1. unicellular 2. prokaryotic 3. live under extreme conditions (volcanoes, brain pools, etc.) 4. many can only survive in absence of oxygen 5. membrane made of lipids, does not contain peptidoglycan.

Describe the organisms in domain Bacteria

1. unicellular 2. prokaryotic 3. rigid cell walls that contain substance called peptidoglycan 4. ecologically diverse

Whay are quotation marks used around the kingdom "Protista?"

To show that the kingdom "Protista" is not a true clade, but a paraphyletic group. This mean that this kingdom is composed of most but not all descendants of a common ancestors. Tree of life currently has "protists" in at least 5 different clades

What is a dichotomous key?

a key consisting of a series of paired statements or questions that described the absence or presence of certain physical traits/features of an organism. Each set of choices is arranged so that each step produces a smaller subset.

What are the two smallest categories in Linnaeus's system of classification?

Species and Genus

What are the goals of binomial nomenclature systematics?

In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.

List Linnaeus's system of classification rankings from broadest to most specific

(Domain) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Describe the kingdom Fungi.

1. heterotrophs 2. cell walls have chitin 3. absorb broken down nutrients 4. usually feeds on dead or decaying substances/things 5. multicellular and unicellular 6. mushrooms and yeast

Describe the kingdom Animalia

1. multicellular 2. heterotrophic 3. no cell walls 4. can move around 5. large diversity

Describe the organisms in domain Eukarya

1. organisms have a nucleus 2. multicellular and unicellular

What is a Linnaean clade? When would a clade not be considered a taxon? Provide an example.

A Linnaean clade is a taxon that happens to be monophyletic. If this clade did not include all of descents of a common ancestor (wasn't monophyletic), it would not be considered a Linnaean clade. Example: Although birds and reptiles are descended from a common ancestor, birds are not included in Linnaean's class Reptilia. This means that the taxon Reptilia is not a clade.

How are clades different from Linnaean taxa?

A clade must be a monophyletic group, or a group that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. A taxon can be monophyletic, but it doesn't have to be.

What is a cladogram?

A cladogram links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

What is an evolutionary tree? What helps to make them more accurate?

An evolutionary tree is a phylogenetic or evolutionary diagram that shows branching evolutionary relationships. In order to make them more accurate, taxonomists use DNA analysis when comparing evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Which 2 of the three domains are more closely related to each other than the third domain?

Archaea and Eukarya

How are DNA sequences used in classification?

In general, the more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they share a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

Why were domains first established?

The two prokaryotic kingdoms were very different, so biologists established a new taxonomic category, domain, in order to further organize the organisms.

What kingdoms lie in the kingdom Bacteria? Archaea? Eukarya?

Bacteria: Eubacteria (prokaryotes, heterotroph and autotrophs) Archaea: Archaebacteria (prokaryotes, heterotroph or autotroph) Eukarya (Eukaryotes: "Protista" (heterotrophs and autotrophs), Fungi (heterotrophs), Plantae (autotrophs), Animals (Heterotrophs)

Who developed binomial nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus

What are the three domains in the classification of living things?

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

True or False: The concept of "derived characters" relates to Linnaeus's system of taxonomy

False

True or False: A bird is not a reptile

False: birds share a common ancestor with reptiles, which can be seen in a cladogram.

What were Linnaean's first two kingdoms, and what were their main differences?

His first two kingdoms were Plantae and Animalia. Animalia were organisms that continued to move around, while plants remained stationary.

Are cladograms visual representations of facts or hypotheses about evolutionary relationships? How do you know?

Hypotheses because scientists continue to add on and alter the "tree of life" to this day (nothing is set in stone).

What is the application of DNA analysis in evolutionary trees referred to as?

Molecular analysis

What were the monerans? Why did systematics split them into two kingdoms?

Monerans were the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria before scientists split them into different groups. Scientists split them because they were too biologically and genetically different.

How did Linnaeus group species into larger taxa?

Over time, Linnaeus's original classification system expanded to include seven hierarchical taxa: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

How do phylogenetic systematics organize different organisms?

Phylogenetic systematics places organisms into higher taxa whose members are more closely related to one another than they are to members of any other group. The larger a taxon is, the farther back in time all of its member shared a common ancestor.

What was the first attempt at making the organization of different organisms easier?

Scientists assigned extremely long names to different species of animals, making it more confusing to distinguish different animals from each other

If the DNA of American vulture and the DNA Storks were more similar than the DNA of the American vulture and the African vulture, what could you concluded about the ancestors of the American Vulture and Storks?

Storks and American vulture share a more recent common ancestor than American vultures and African vultures.

What is the name of the classification system Linnaeus developed? What are the groups in this system referred to as?

Taxonomy Taxa (taxon [singular])

What is the goal of evolutionary classification?

The goal of phylogenetic systematics, or evolutionary classification, is to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent, rather than overall similarities and differences.

What are the goals of systematics?

The goal of systematics is to organiz living things into groups that have biological meaning.

What does a node in a cladogram represent?

The last point at which the two new lineages shared a common ancestor

Why can common names for species be confusing?

The meanings of common names vary among languages and from place to place

What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?

The six-kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What does the tree of life show?

The tree of life shows current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains of life.

True or False: Organisms that share a common ancestor more recently among organisms are more closely related.

True

Describe the naming system of binomial nomenclature

Written in italics; first word written with a capital letter, second word is lowercase. First word is the genus, second word is unique to each species

What is the bottom of a cladogram referred to as?

the "root"