A &P 1 Ch. 10

Which of the following terms are used to classify a synchondrosis joint based on the extent of movement? (Check all that apply.)

diarthrosis

What movements are allowed at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint? (Check all that apply.)

elevation and depression protraction and retraction

The ankle joint is capable of __________.

eversion

Hannah is a ballerina, and she is practicing an arabesque. As she lifts her lower limb behind her, she is performing the action ______________, and the _____________ ligament is resisting this action.

extension, iliofemoral

What type of cartilage connects one bone to another in a symphysis joint?

fibrocartilage

The knee joint is capable of __________.

flexion

The knee joint is an example of a ____________ joint.

hinge

Articular cartilage is composed of __________ cartilage found on the epiphyses of the articulating bones.

hyaline

Synchondrosis joints consist of bones connected to bones by __________________ .

hyaline cartilage

There is a(n) ___________relationship between mobility and stability of a joint. Therefore, an increase in mobility leads to a(n)___________in stability of the joint.

indirect decrease

Fibrous and cartilaginous joints may be classified based on __________ as synarthrotic joints, amphiarthrotic joints, or diarthrotic joints.

movement

Which of the following is a structural classification for fibrous joints?

suture

Which of the following joints contains an interosseous membrane?

syndesmosis

Which of the following correctly pairs the classification of a fibrous joint with an example of its proper location in the body?

syndesmosis; Distal radioulnar joint

Why is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) so often injured during contact sports?

the ACL is the weakest of the knee ligaments

Match the description of the fibrous joint with the type of fibrous joint classification listed.

-Between skull bones- Suture -Distal radioulnar or tibiofibular joints- Syndesmosis -Between alveolar processes of maxilla or mandible and the root of a tooth- Gomphosis

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position.

-Lying outside the confines of the joint capsule but nonetheless critical to the support and movement of the synovial joints are accessory structures. -Muscles anchor to bones in the form of tendons or sheets of collagenous connective tissue. -Passive stabilization of joints occurs to a large degree as a result of bone-to-bone connections known as ligaments which are cordlike bundles of collagen. -With large degrees of freedom and ranges of motions afforded by synovial joints, bursae are friction reducing surfaces positioned in areas of high repetition or force. -Bursae can also elongate and wrap around tendons in areas of high friction to form tendon sheaths.

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify which joint is being described.

Jaw -temporomandibular joint -two synovial cavity chambers separated by an articular disc Elbow -humeroulnar joint -passive stabilizers include the anular ligament Knee -tibiofemoral joint -intracapsular ligaments include the ACL and PCL -lateral forces likely to cause damage to the tibial collateral ligament, ACL, and medial meniscus Shoulder -Glenohumeral joint -extreme ranges of motion a trade-off for lack of stability -four sub- (e.g. subcoracoid etc.) bursae present -rotator cuffs acts as a dominant active stabilizer Hip -coxal joint -acetabular labrum increased the depth of the socket -arterial damage entering the fovea capitis can result in necrosis Ankle -talocrural joint -eversion sprains produce damage to the lateral ligaments

Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

Neither

1.Crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage found within the joint 2.Slippery fluid containing hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins 3.Small, round sac filled with fluid 4.Lining within the joint 5. Hyaline cartilage found on the ends of long bones

1. meniscus 2. synovial fluid 3. bursa 4. synovial membrane 5. articular cartilage

Which of the following correctly pairs the classification of a synovial joint with an example of its location?

Pivot; atlantoaxial joint

Which of the following terms is used in the functional classification of an immobile joint?

Synarthrosis

1.Palm turns from posterior to anterior 2.Palm turns from anterior to posterior 3.Inferior movement of the mandible or scapula 4.Body part is moved anterior in the horizontal plane 5.Sole of foot faces medial (inward) 6. Dorsum of foot moves superiorly 7. Superior movement of the mandible or scapula 8. Body part is moved posterior in horizontal plane 9. Sole of foot faces lateral (outward) 10. Dorsum of foot moves inferiorly

1. supination 2. pronation 3. depression 4. protraction 5. inversion 6. dorsiflexion 7. elevation 8. retraction 9. eversion 10. plantar flexion

Which of the following are categories describing structural classification of joints? (Check all that apply.)

Diarthrosis Synarthosis

Inflammation of a bursa, usually due to overexertion of a joint, is known as tendonitis.

FALSE

Synchondroses are composed of elastic cartilage and are slightly moveable joints, whereas symphysis are composed of fibrocartilage and are completely immovable joints.

FALSE

The knee joint is classified as a synchondroses as a result of the articular surfaces of the femur and the tibia that are composed of hyaline cartilage.

FALSE

Extension and flexion are the only movements allowed at which of the following joints? (Check all that apply.)

Hip Sternocostal wrist

Which of the following are classified as a synchondrosis joint? (Check all that apply.

Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis

Maurice was stretching before he started exercising. He bent over to touch his toes and locked his knees. Which knee ligament did Maurice put under increased strain as he performed this stretch?

anterior cruciate ligament

The glenohumeral joint is classified as a __________.

ball-and-socket joint

Of the four main tissue types, which tissue is the main component of the synovial membrane?

connective tissue

Synovial fluid____________ friction in the joint

decreases

Based on movement allowed, all synovial joints are classified as __________.

diarthroses

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the degrees of freedom for each joint

1 degree of Freedom -hinge -pivot -radioulnar joint -tibiofemoral -Theoretical joint capable of internal and external rotation only -monoaxial joints 2 degrees of Freedom -plane -saddle -condylar -intertarsal joints -metacarpophalangeal joints -trapeziometacarpal joint -theoretical joint capable of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction only 3 degrees of Freedom -Ball-and-socket -coxal joint

1. Biaxial; oval, convex and concave 2. Multiaxial; head fits into a socket 3. Biaxial; resembles the shape of a saddle 4. Uniaxial; convex and concave surfaces 5. Uniaxial; round surface in ring 6. Uniaxial; two flat surfaces

1. Condylar 2. ball and socket 3. saddle 4. hinge 5.pivot 6. plane

1. Angle of the joint decreases 2. Movement of limb away from the midline 3. Angle of the joint increases 4. Movement of limb toward the midline 5. Limb pivots around its long axis 6. Distal part of a limb moves in a circle

1. Flexion 2. Abduction 3. Extension 4. Adduction 5. rotation 6. circumduction

1.Decreased spinal mobility. 2.Inability to pronate, or supinate. 3,Unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia in adulthood. 4.Knee capable of adduction, or abduction. 5.Inability to abduct, or adduct fingers. 6. Increase in respiratory difficulty. 7. Decrease in nervous system protection. 8. Increased stability of the shoulder. 9. Decreased tooth stability and resilience

1. Symphyses replaced by synostoses 2. Synarthroses replaced by synostoses 3. Synostoses replaced by synchondroses 4. Hinge replaced by condyloid 5. Condyloid replaced by hinge 6. Synovial rib attachments replaced by syndesmoses 7. Sutures replaced by plane joints 8. Ball-and-socket replaced by hinge 9. Gomphoses replaced by pivot

1. Ligament connecting femur to tibia 2. Ligaments that cross in the middle of the knee joint 3. Sesamoid bone located in the knee joint 4. Ligament connecting femur to fibula 5. Structure connecting patella to tibial tuberosity 6. Structure connecting quadriceps muscles to patella 7.Fibrocartilaginous structure within knee joint 8. Synovial sacs located above, below, and anterior to the patella

1. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament 2. ACL and PCL 3. Patella 4. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament 5.Patellar ligament 6. Patellar tendon 7. Meniscus 8. Bursae

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position

-The articulating surfaces of bones connected via synovial joints are covered in a thin layer of articular cartilage which serves to reduce the forces on the bone surface and provide a smooth surface for the movement of bones against one another. -In between the articulating surfaces, a thin cavity is filled with synovial fluid which acts to lubricate the joint surface and nourishes tissues of the internal joint surface. -Maintaining a boundary of the joint and thus containing the synovial fluid is the joint capsule. -The outermost layers of the joint capsule is the fibrous capsule which is contiguous with the periosteum and provides support to the joint. -The deeper portion of the capsule is the synovial membrane which contains cells that synthesize the synovial fluid and remove waste products from the cavity. -In many synovial joints, portions of the synovial capsule grow inward and differentiate into fibrocartilage in order to form additional padding and in some cases stability to the joint as in the case of the menisci of the knees.

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position

-The tibiofemoral is an extremely complicated synovial joint due to its potential for mutiaxial motion when flexed. -Increasing the depth of the articulating surface of the knee, much like the labra of the shoulder and hip are fibrocartilaginous extensions of the synovial membrane called menisci. -Connecting the medial and lateral meniscus across the center of the articulating surface, the transverse ligament provides a strut against separation. -Protection from medial displacement from a laterally applied force, the tibial collateral ligament is one of the two major extracapsular ligament of the knee. -Laterally bracing the lateral femoral condyle to the fibular head, the fibular collateral ligament resists lateral separation of the knee due to medial applied loads. -Running medially and anteriorly from the lateral condyle of the femur, the ACL attaches to the tibial anterior to the intercondylar eminence. -The PCL resists posterior and lateral movement of the tibia due to the orientation of its fibers from the superior and medial origin on the femur to its lateral and posterior attachment on the tibia

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position. Then, place each sentence in order of mobility beginning with the least mobile.

-When two bones join together and fuse so that no visible separation occurs, it is referred to as a synostosis or bony joint -Bones that join together and are held in place with threads of collagen are called synarthroses -Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones are amphiarthroses -The most complex joints are synovial and display varying amounts of mobility.